Cakupan dan Kebijakan Sitasi
Ini adalah aparatus terpilih yang klaimnya dapat dilacak kembali, bukan daftar segala sesuatu yang dikonsultasikan. Aparatus ini mengutamakan teks primer serta sumber metodologis, filosofis, historis, ilmiah, klinis, dan institusional yang memikul arsitektur pengatur DDF atau klaim publiknya yang berisiko tertinggi. Pencantuman di sini tidak menyamakan otoritas sumber yang berlainan. Kitab Suci mengatur doktrin Kristen; alat bahasa asli menjernihkan teks; sumber Kristen awal dan konsiliar menyaksikan penerimaan dan batas doktrinal; sumber historis dan empiris menggambarkan bidangnya masing-masing; sumber filosofis menjernihkan dan membandingkan argumen; dan dokumen panduan hanya mengatur praktik di dalam cakupan yang dinyatakannya.
Setiap sitasi klaim-lokal yang tersisa harus dapat dilacak kembali pada penggunaan pertama. Penggunaan pertama harus memberikan metadata lengkap secara lokal atau menggunakan kunci pengarang-dan-judul-pendek yang tidak ambigu, dengan judul lengkap, edisi atau versi, tanggal, penerbit atau jurnal, dan DOI atau URL stabil yang muncul dalam aparatus ini. Sumber patristik juga memerlukan karya dan lokus. Laporan, pedoman, kumpulan data, kartu sistem, dan sumber web yang cepat berubah memerlukan tanggal rilis atau revisi yang tepat serta tanggal verifikasi dalam catatan lokal atau aparatus. Rangkaian nama belakang, nama organisasi, bidang riset, laman utama, atau nama ensiklopedia tanpa entri tepat yang tidak ambigu bukanlah sitasi. Aparatus pusat ini boleh memuat metadata bibliografis berulang agar Kartu Klaim dapat tetap analitis alih-alih menjadi bibliografi duplikat. Bidang sumber lokal suatu Kartu Klaim tetap harus memasangkan setiap sumber atau kelompok sumber dengan pekerjaan tepat yang dilakukannya.
Untuk pemeriksaan sumber terakhir, URL aktif yang terlampir pada entri yang ditambahkan atau diubah secara material di sini diperiksa ulang pada July 11, 2026. Tanggal "Verified" hanya mencatat pemeriksaan tautan tersebut; tanggal itu tidak pernah menggantikan tanggal edisi, publikasi, rilis, revisi, atau adopsi karya yang tetap menjadi bagian dari catatan bibliografis.
Sumber yang tidak diutamakan dalam aparatus terpilih ini tetap sah hanya ketika catatan klaim-lokal yang tepat memuat jejak lengkap. Pada setiap edisi atau rilis, semua sumber bertanggal harus diperiksa ulang, tautan mati diganti atau diarsipkan, dan setiap edisi, rilis, pedoman, atau kartu sistem yang berubah harus diidentifikasi. Ketika sumber tidak dapat dilacak kembali secara tepat, klaim yang bergantung padanya harus dipersempit, diberi sumber baru, atau dihapus alih-alih ditopang oleh metadata yang direkonstruksi.
Kitab Suci, Saksi Tekstual, dan Alat Leksikal
Aland, Barbara, Kurt Aland, Johannes Karavidopoulos, Carlo M. Martini, and Bruce M. Metzger, eds. Novum Testamentum Graece. 28th rev.\ ed. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2012. Dikutip sebagai NA28.
Bauer, Walter, Frederick W. Danker, William F. Arndt, and F. Wilbur Gingrich. A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. 3rd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. Dikutip sebagai BDAG.
Brown, Francis, S. R. Driver, and Charles A. Briggs. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907. Cited sebagai BDB; lihat entri tepat yang disebut dalam catatan klaim-lokal.
Elliger, Karl, and Wilhelm Rudolph, eds. Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. 5th corrected ed. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1997. Dikutip sebagai BHS.
Holmes, Michael W., ed. The Greek New Testament: SBL Edition. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature; Bellingham, WA: Logos Bible Software, 2010. https://www.sblgnt.com/. Dikutip sebagai SBLGNT.
Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Revised by Walter Baumgartner and Johann Jakob Stamm. Translated and edited under the supervision of M. E. J. Richardson. 5 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1994--2000. Dikutip sebagai HALOT.
Liddell, H. G., Robert Scott, and Henry Stuart Jones. A Greek-English Lexicon. 9th ed.\ with revised supplement. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996. Dikutip sebagai LSJ; lihat entri tepat yang disebut dalam catatan klaim-lokal.
Rahlfs, Alfred, and Robert Hanhart, eds. Septuaginta: Id est Vetus Testamentum graece iuxta LXX interpretes. 2nd rev.\ ed. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2006. Lihat Wisdom of Solomon 1--3 untuk saksi Yahudi kuno tentang penciptaan, ketidakbinasaan, maut, dan penghakiman yang digunakan dalam sintesis neraka.
Nickelsburg, George W. E., and James C. VanderKam. 1 Enoch: The Hermeneia Translation. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2012. Lihat 22 and 27 untuk kondisi berbeda orang mati yang menantikan penghakiman dan lembah terkutuk.
García Martínez, Florentino, and Eibert J. C. Tigchelaar, eds. and trans. The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition. 2 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1997--1998. Lihat 1QS III.13--IV.26 untuk Dua Roh, pembentukan, perkunjungan, pemurnian, penderitaan, dan kebinasaan.
Stone, Michael E. Fourth Ezra: A Commentary on the Book of Fourth Ezra. Hermeneia. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1990. Lihat 7:26--44 and 7:75--101 untuk maut, penyingkapan antara, kebangkitan, penghakiman, balasan, dan dunia yang akan datang; karya itu bertahan melalui versi-versi kuno, bukan melalui naskah asli Ibrani atau Yunani lengkap yang masih ada.
Klijn, A. F. J. "2 (Syriac Apocalypse of) Baruch: A New Translation and Introduction." In The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, vol. 1, Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments, edited by James H. Charlesworth, 615--652. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1983. Lihat 49--51 untuk restorasi berbadani yang dapat dikenali dan diikuti transformasi.
Philo of Alexandria. Every Good Man Is Free. In Philo, vol. 9, translated by F. H. Colson. Loeb Classical Library 363. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1941. Lihat 75--91 untuk laporan penolakan kaum Essene terhadap kepemilikan budak.
Frayer-Griggs, Daniel. "Neither Proof Text nor Proverb: The Instrumental Sense of διά and the Soteriological Function of Fire in 1 Corinthians 3.15." New Testament Studies 59, no. 4 (2013): 517--534. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0028688513000167.
Institut f\"ur Neutestamentliche Textforschung. Kurzgefasste Liste der griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testaments and New Testament Virtual Manuscript Room. M\"unster: University of M\"unster. https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/. Diverifikasi May 19, 2026.
Sumber Kristen Awal, Patristik, dan Konsiliar
Athanasius of Alexandria. Against the Heathen. In Contra Gentes and De Incarnatione, edited and translated by Robert W. Thomson. Oxford Early Christian Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971. Lihat 2--11 and 40--42.
Athanasius of Alexandria. Defence of the Nicene Definition (De Decretis). Translated by John Henry Newman and Archibald Robertson. In Select Works and Letters, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, vol. 4. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. Lihat 18--24 and 32. Teks publik: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2809.htm. Diverifikasi July 11, 2026.
Athanasius of Alexandria. The Life of Antony and the Letter to Marcellinus. Translated with introduction by Robert C. Gregg. Classics of Western Spirituality. New York: Paulist Press, 1980. Lihat Life of Antony 22--43 and Letter to Marcellinus 12 and 27--29.
Athanasius of Alexandria. De Incarnatione (On the Incarnation). In Contra Gentes and De Incarnatione, edited and translated by Robert W. Thomson. Oxford Early Christian Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971. Lihat 3--10, 20--30, 41--45, and 54. Teks publik: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2802.htm. Diverifikasi July 11, 2026.
Athenagoras of Athens. Legatio and De Resurrectione. Edited and translated by William R. Schoedel. Oxford Early Christian Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972. Lihat Plea for the Christians 31 and 36 yang pasti. Lihat juga On the Resurrection of the Dead 12--25, yang dikutip dalam naskah ini sebagai Pseudo-Athenagoras karena kepengarangan risalah kebangkitan itu masih diperdebatkan.
Grant, Robert M. "Athenagoras or Pseudo-Athenagoras." Harvard Theological Review 47, no. 2 (1954): 121--129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0017816000027528. Digunakan untuk menandai, bukan diam-diam menyelesaikan, kepengarangan De Resurrectione yang diperdebatkan.
Arnobius of Sicca. The Case Against the Pagans. Translated by George E. McCracken. Ancient Christian Writers 7--8. Westminster, MD: Newman Press, 1949. Lihat II.14 untuk hukuman sadar yang panjang dan berpuncak pada "real death." Teks publik: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/06312.htm. Diverifikasi July 11, 2026.
Augustine of Hippo. Against Faustus. Translated by Richard Stothert. In St. Augustin: The Writings against the Manichaeans and against the Donatists. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, vol. 4. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. Lihat XXII.74--79.
Augustine of Hippo. Confessions. Translated by Henry Chadwick. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991. Lihat I.1.1; X.6.8; X.8.12--25.36; and X.27.38.
Augustine of Hippo. Expositions on the Book of Psalms. Abridged from the Oxford translation and edited by A. Cleveland Coxe. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, vol. 8. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. Lihat 94.2 and 140.2--4.
Augustine of Hippo. The Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love. Translated by J. F. Shaw. In Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, vol. 3, edited by Philip Schaff. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1887; reprint, Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. Lihat 68--69 untuk batas dasar-Kristus mengenai keselamatan melalui api.
Augustine of Hippo. On Grace and Free Choice. In Augustine: On the Free Choice of the Will, On Grace and Free Choice, and Other Writings, edited and translated by Peter King. Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Lihat 2--4 and 30--33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511844720.010.
Augustine of Hippo. On the Trinity. Translated by Edmund Hill. The Works of Saint Augustine I/5. Brooklyn, NY: New City Press, 1991. Lihat I.4.7, II.5.7, and IV.20.27.
Augustine of Hippo. The Nature of the Good. In The Manichean Debate, translated, introduced, and annotated by Roland Teske; edited by Boniface Ramsey. The Works of Saint Augustine I/19. Hyde Park, NY: New City Press, 2006. ISBN 978-1-56548-247-0. Lihat 1--4. Teks publik: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1407.htm. Diverifikasi July 11, 2026.
Augustine of Hippo. The City of God against the Pagans. Edited and translated by R. W. Dyson. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Lihat XII.6--9; XV.22; XXI.9, 17, 23, and 26; and XXII.30.
Augustine of Hippo. Teaching Christianity (De doctrina christiana). Translated by Edmund Hill. The Works of Saint Augustine I/11. Hyde Park, NY: New City Press, 1996. Lihat I.22--27.
Augustine of Hippo. Tractates on the Gospel of John. Translated by John Gibb. In St. Augustin: Homilies on the Gospel of John; Homilies on the First Epistle of John; Soliloquies. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, vol. 7. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. Lihat traktat 80.3.
Basil of Caesarea. On the Holy Spirit. In Letters and Select Works, translated by Blomfield Jackson. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, vol. 8. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. Lihat 15--18. Lihat juga 27.65--67.
Basil of Caesarea. Hexaemeron. In Letters and Select Works, translated by Blomfield Jackson. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, vol. 8. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. Lihat VIII.2--7 and IX.2--5.
Clement of Alexandria. Christ the Educator (Paedagogus). Translated by Simon P. Wood. Fathers of the Church 23. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1954; reprinted 2008. Lihat I.1--3, I.8--10, and lokus klaim-lokal dalam II--III. Teks publik: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0209.htm. Diverifikasi July 11, 2026.
Clement of Alexandria. The Stromata. Translated by William Wilson. In The Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 2, edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1885; reprint, Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. Lihat I.27, V.4, VI.6, and VII.16 untuk hukuman sebagai koreksi, Kristus dan iman sebagai dasar, tambahan yang dapat terbakar, pemberitaan pascakematian, pertobatan di bawah penghakiman, dan keselamatan semesta. Teks publik: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0210.htm. Diverifikasi July 11, 2026.
Council of Nicaea I. Creed of Nicaea (AD 325), and Council of Constantinople I. Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed (AD 381). In Norman P. Tanner, ed., Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils. 2 vols. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1990.
Council of Chalcedon. Definition of Faith (AD 451). In Norman P. Tanner, ed., Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils. 2 vols. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1990. Teks publik Yunani dan Inggris: https://earlychurchtexts.com/public/chalcedonian_definition.htm. Diverifikasi May 19, 2026.
Cyril of Jerusalem. Lectures on the Christian Sacraments: The Procatechesis and the Five Mystagogical Catecheses. Greek text and English translation by Maxwell E. Johnson. Popular Patristics Series 57. Yonkers, NY: St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 2017.
Cyprian of Carthage. On the Unity of the Catholic Church. In Saint Cyprian: Treatises, translated by Roy J. Deferrari. Fathers of the Church 36. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1958. Lihat 4--5.
Gregory of Nazianzus. On God and Christ: The Five Theological Orations and Two Letters to Cledonius. Translated by Frederick Williams and Lionel Wickham. Popular Patristics Series 23. Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 2002. Lihat Theological Orations 29.2--3 and 31.14--16, 25--29.
Gregory of Nazianzus. Festal Orations. Translated with introduction and commentary by Nonna Verna Harrison. Popular Patristics Series 36. Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 2008. Lihat Oration 39.19 untuk baptisan api terakhir yang menghanguskan jerami kejahatan.
Gregory of Nyssa. Dogmatic Treatises, Etc., translated by William Moore and Henry Austin Wilson. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, vol. 5. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. Lihat To Ablabius: That There Are Not Three Gods, pp. 331--336, untuk satu operasi ilahi; On the Making of Man 8, 16, and 27--30 untuk kemanusiaan berbadani; dan The Great Catechism 5--8, 26, and 35 untuk penciptaan, kejahatan, penghakiman, pemurnian, dan restorasi; lihat juga On the Soul and the Resurrection untuk uraian emas-dan-campuran tentang penghapusan kejahatan.
Gregory of Nyssa. The Life of Moses. Translated by Abraham J. Malherbe and Everett Ferguson. Classics of Western Spirituality. New York: Paulist Press, 1978. Lihat II.91--100.
Gregory of Nyssa. Homilies on Ecclesiastes: An English Version with Supporting Studies. Homilies translated by Stuart George Hall and Rachel Moriarty; edited by Stuart George Hall. Proceedings of the Seventh International Colloquium on Gregory of Nyssa. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1993. Lihat Homily IV untuk serangan Gregory terhadap kepemilikan budak.
Holmes, Michael W., ed.\ and trans.\ The Apostolic Fathers: Greek Texts and English Translations. 3rd ed. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2007. Lihat Didache 1--16; Epistle of Barnabas 20--21; 1 Clement 3, 13--21, 40--44, and 51--59; Ignatius, Ephesians 7, 16--18, and 20, Magnesians 6--7, and Smyrnaeans 1--3 and 7--8; and Polycarp, Philippians 1--12, with Martyrdom of Polycarp 2 and 11; lihat juga 2 Clement 17.7.
Irenaeus of Lyons. Against Heresies. Translated by Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut. In The Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 1, edited by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson; revised and chronologically arranged by A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1885; reprint, Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. Lokus penyangga-beban mencakup I.9.4 and I.10.1--3; II.30.9 and II.34.2--4; III.3.1--4, III.18, III.23, and III.24.1; IV.18.5, IV.20, IV.37--38; V.1, V.2.2--3, V.6.1, V.21, V.27, and V.31--36. Kumpulan teks publik: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103.htm. Diverifikasi July 11, 2026.
Irenaeus of Lyons. On the Apostolic Preaching. Translated by John Behr. Popular Patristics Series 17. Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1997. Lihat 3--8 and 31--42.
John Cassian. The Conferences. Translated by Boniface Ramsey. Ancient Christian Writers 57. New York: Paulist Press, 1997. Lihat Conference 2.1--4, 9--10, and 16.
John Chrysostom. Homilies on the Epistles of Paul to the Corinthians. Translated by Talbot W. Chambers. In Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, vol. 12. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. Lihat Homily 9 on First Corinthians untuk pembacaan 1 Corinthians 3:15 sebagai pemeliharaan dalam api penghukuman. Teks publik: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/220109.htm. Diverifikasi July 11, 2026.
John Chrysostom. Homilies on Philemon. In Saint Chrysostom: Homilies on Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, Thessalonians, Timothy, Titus, and Philemon, translated by Gross Alexander. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, vol. 13. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. Lihat homili 1--3.
John of Damascus. An Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith. In Writings, translated by Frederic H. Chase Jr. Fathers of the Church 37. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1958. Lihat I.8.
Justin Martyr. Justin, Philosopher and Martyr: Apologies. Edited and translated by Denis Minns and Paul Parvis. Oxford Early Christian Texts. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. Lihat First Apology 8, 17, 52, 61, and 65--67 untuk kebangkitan berbadani, kesadaran yang berlanjut, hukuman kekal, pertanggungjawaban yang dibedakan, penghakiman, baptisan, Ekaristi, dan penyembahan; lihat juga 46; dan Second Apology 6, 8, 10, and 13. Teks publik: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0126.htm and https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0127.htm. Diverifikasi July 11, 2026.
Melito of Sardis. On Pascha and Fragments. Introduction and translation by Stuart George Hall. Oxford Early Christian Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979. Lihat On Pascha 47--71 and 100--105.
Maximus the Confessor. On Difficulties in the Church Fathers: The Ambigua. Translated by Nicholas Constas. 2 vols. Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library 28--29. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014. Lihat Ambiguum 7.
Origen. Homilies on Joshua. Translated by Barbara J. Bruce; edited by Cynthia White. Fathers of the Church 105. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2002. Lihat 1.1--3 and 15.1--3.
Origen. Contra Celsum. Translated by Henry Chadwick. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953. Lihat II.51--52 untuk tanda dan sihir; IV.13 untuk penghangusan perbuatan jahat dan pemurnian hakikat rasional; serta VIII.72 untuk kemenangan Logos dan penyembuhan ciptaan rasional.
Origen. On First Principles. Edited and translated by John Behr. 2 vols. Oxford Early Christian Texts. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. Lihat I.6.1--3, II.10.1--8, and III.6.
Pseudo-Dionysius. Pseudo-Dionysius: The Complete Works. Translated by Colm Luibheid. Classics of Western Spirituality. New York: Paulist Press, 1987. Lihat Divine Names IV.7 and Mystical Theology I.1--3.
Tatian. Address to the Greeks. In The Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 2, edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1885; reprint, Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. Lihat 13 untuk kekekalan yang tidak otonom, kebangkitan badani, dan "death by punishment in immortality." Teks publik: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0202.htm. Diverifikasi July 11, 2026.
Tertullian. De carne Christi liber: Tertullian's Treatise on the Incarnation. Text edited with introduction, translation, and commentary by Ernest Evans. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1956. Lihat On the Flesh of Christ 5 and 20--25. Teks publik: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0315.htm. Diverifikasi July 11, 2026.
Tertullian. Apology. With an English translation by T. R. Glover. In Tertullian: Apology and De Spectaculis; Minucius Felix: Octavius. Loeb Classical Library 250. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, 1931. Lihat 23 untuk klaim publik Kristen awal bahwa kuasa bermusuhan tunduk pada nama Kristus, serta 18 and 48 untuk kebangkitan dan penghakiman. Teks publik: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0301.htm. Diverifikasi July 11, 2026.
Tertullian. The Prescription Against Heretics. Translated by Peter Holmes. In The Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 3, edited by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson; revised and chronologically arranged by A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1885; reprint, Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. Lihat 13. Teks publik: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0311.htm. Diverifikasi July 11, 2026.
Theophilus of Antioch. Ad Autolycum (To Autolycus). Edited and translated by Robert M. Grant. Oxford Early Christian Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970. Lihat II.15, II.22, and II.24--27. Teks publik Book II: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02042.htm. Diverifikasi July 11, 2026.
Third Council of Constantinople. Definition of Faith (AD 680--681). In The Seven Ecumenical Councils of the Undivided Church, translated by Henry R. Percival. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, vol. 14. Teks publik: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3813.htm. Diverifikasi May 19, 2026.
Vincent of L\'erins. Commonitories. Translated by Rudolph E. Morris. In Niceta of Remesiana: Writings; Sulpicius Severus: Writings; Vincent of Lerins: Commonitories; Prosper of Aquitaine: Grace and Free Will. Fathers of the Church 7. New York: Fathers of the Church, 1949. Lihat Commonitory 2.5--6 and 23.50--59.
Kesarjanaan Biblika dan Teologis
Adams, Marilyn McCord. Horrendous Evils and the Goodness of God. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999; paperback edition, 2000.
Bauckham, Richard. The Theology of the Book of Revelation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511819858.
Brownson, James V. Bible, Gender, Sexuality: Reframing the Church's Debate on Same-Sex Relationships. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2013. Catatan penerbit: https://www.eerdmans.com/9780802868633/bible-gender-sexuality/. Diverifikasi 19 Juli 2026.
Brueggemann, Walter. The Message of the Psalms: A Theological Commentary. Augsburg Old Testament Studies. Minneapolis, MN: Augsburg Publishing House, 1984.
Clines, David J. A. "The Image of God in Man." Tyndale Bulletin 19, no. 1 (1968): 53--103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53751/001c.30671.
Collins, John J. The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature. 3rd ed. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2016.
Friesen, Steven J. Imperial Cults and the Apocalypse of John: Reading Revelation in the Ruins. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Gagnon, Robert A. J. The Bible and Homosexual Practice: Texts and Hermeneutics. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press, 2001. Catatan penerbit: https://www.abingdonpress.com/product/9780687022793/. Diverifikasi 19 Juli 2026.
Gorman, Michael J. Cruciformity: Paul's Narrative Spirituality of the Cross. 20th anniversary ed. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2021; original edition, 2001.
Hick, John. An Interpretation of Religion: Human Responses to the Transcendent. 2nd ed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005.
Koester, Craig R. Revelation: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. Anchor Yale Bible 38A. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014.
Kraybill, J. Nelson. Imperial Cult and Commerce in John's Apocalypse. Journal for the Study of the New Testament Supplement Series 132. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1996.
Linzey, Andrew. Animal Theology. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995; first published by SCM Press, 1994.
Loader, William. The New Testament on Sexuality. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2012. Catatan penerbit: https://www.eerdmans.com/9780802867247/the-new-testament-on-sexuality/. Diverifikasi 19 Juli 2026.
Loader, William. Same-Sex Relationships: A 1st-Century Perspective. HTS Theological Studies 70, no. 1 (2014): artikel 2114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v70i1.2114.
Martin, Dale B. Arsenokoit\^ e s and Malakos: Meanings and Consequences. Dalam Biblical Ethics and Homosexuality: Listening to Scripture, disunting oleh Robert L. Brawley, 117--136. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox, 1996.
Milgrom, Jacob. Leviticus 1--16: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. Anchor Bible 3. New York: Doubleday, 1991.
Middleton, J. Richard. "The Liberating Image? Interpreting the Imago Dei in Context." Christian Scholar's Review 24, no. 1 (1994): 8--25.
Moltmann, J\"urgen. Theology of Hope: On the Ground and the Implications of a Christian Eschatology. Translated by James W. Leitch. New York: Harper & Row, 1967.
Southgate, Christopher. The Groaning of Creation: God, Evolution, and the Problem of Evil. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2008.
Stump, Eleonore. Wandering in Darkness: Narrative and the Problem of Suffering. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199277421.001.0001.
Wright, Christopher J. H. Old Testament Ethics for the People of God. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004.
Wright, N. T. Jesus and the Victory of God. Christian Origins and the Question of God 2. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 1996.
Wright, N. T. The Resurrection of the Son of God. Christian Origins and the Question of God 3. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2003.
Metode, Filsafat, Argumen Historis, dan Uraian Tandingan
Aristotle. De Anima (On the Soul). Translated by J. A. Smith. In The Works of Aristotle. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1931.
Aristotle. Physics. Translated by Robin Waterfield; introduction and notes by David Bostock. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. Lihat II.3 and II.7--9 mengenai empat sebab, kausalitas final, dan keniscayaan hipotetis.
Aquinas, Thomas. Summa Theologiae, I, q.5, a.4, ad 1 mengenai relasi keindahan dengan yang baik; I, q.22 mengenai providensi; I, q.39, a.8 mengenai keutuhan, proporsi atau harmoni, dan kejernihan sebagai kondisi yang dinamai dalam hal-hal indah; I, q.44, a.4 mengenai Allah sebagai sebab final segala sesuatu; I, q.104, aa.1--4 mengenai pemeliharaan ilahi dan sebab-sebab ciptaan; serta II--II, q.83 mengenai doa. Translation of the Fathers of the English Dominican Province, 2nd rev. ed., 1920. Teks publik: https://www.newadvent.org/summa/1005.htm, https://www.newadvent.org/summa/1022.htm, https://www.newadvent.org/summa/1039.htm, https://www.newadvent.org/summa/1044.htm, https://www.newadvent.org/summa/1104.htm, and https://www.newadvent.org/summa/3083.htm. Diverifikasi July 11, 2026.
Allen, Colin, and Jacob Neal. "Teleological Notions in Biology." In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Spring 2026 ed., edited by Edward N. Zalta and Uri Nodelman. Substantive revision February 6, 2026. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2026/entries/teleology-biology/. Diverifikasi July 11, 2026.
Falcon, Andrea. "Aristotle on Causality." In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Spring 2023 ed., edited by Edward N. Zalta and Uri Nodelman. Substantive revision March 7, 2023. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2023/entries/aristotle-causality/. Diverifikasi July 11, 2026.
Bergmann, Michael. "Skeptical Theism and Rowe's New Evidential Argument from Evil." No\^ u s 35, no. 2 (2001): 278--296. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/0029-4624.00297.
Bostrom, Nick. "Are You Living in a Computer Simulation?" The Philosophical Quarterly 53, no. 211 (2003): 243--255. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9213.00309.
Berger, Peter L., and Thomas Luckmann. The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1966.
Chalmers, David J. "Facing Up to the Problem of Consciousness." Journal of Consciousness Studies 2, no. 3 (1995): 200--219. Teks publik pengarang: https://consc.net/papers/facing.html.
Acemoglu, Daron, Simon Johnson, and James A. Robinson. "Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Growth." In Handbook of Economic Growth, vol. 1A, edited by Philippe Aghion and Steven N. Durlauf, 385--472. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01006-3.
Cobb, John B., Jr., and David Ray Griffin. Process Theology: An Introductory Exposition. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1976.
Durkheim, \'Emile. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. Translated by Karen E. Fields. New York: Free Press, 1995. Ringkasan publik yang dikutip DDF: https://durkheim.uchicago.edu/Summaries/forms.html.
DiMaggio, Paul J., and Walter W. Powell. "The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields." American Sociological Review 48, no. 2 (1983): 147--160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2095101.
Fricker, Miranda. Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Goff, Philip. Consciousness and Fundamental Reality. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190677015.001.0001.
Hartshorne, Charles. The Divine Relativity: A Social Conception of God. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1948.
Haslanger, Sally. Resisting Reality: Social Construction and Social Critique. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199892631.001.0001.
Humanists International. The Amsterdam Declaration. 2022. https://humanists.international/what-is-humanism/the-amsterdam-declaration/. Diverifikasi May 19, 2026.
American Humanist Association. Humanist Manifesto III: Humanism and Its Aspirations. 2003. https://americanhumanist.org/what-is-humanism/manifesto3/. Diverifikasi May 19, 2026.
Hick, John. Evil and the God of Love. Rev.\ ed. New York: Harper & Row, 1978.
Meadows, Donella H. Thinking in Systems: A Primer. Edited by Diana Wright. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2008.
North, Douglass C. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Political Economy of Institutions and Decisions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Ostrom, Elinor. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Political Economy of Institutions and Decisions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511807763.
Papineau, David. Philosophical Naturalism. Oxford: Blackwell, 1993.
Pargament, Kenneth I., Bruce W. Smith, Harold G. Koenig, and Lisa Perez. "Patterns of Positive and Negative Religious Coping with Major Life Stressors." Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 37, no. 4 (1998): 710--724. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1388152.
Pearl, Judea. Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511803161.
Imran, Muzzamel Hussain, and Xin Leng. "A Critical Review on Pargament's Theory of Religious Coping: In the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic." Journal of Religion and Health 64 (2025): 657--671. Published online September 23, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-024-02136-y.
Plantinga, Alvin. God, Freedom, and Evil. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1974.
Plato. Symposium and Phaedrus. Both translated by Alexander Nehamas and Paul Woodruff, in Plato: Complete Works, edited by John M. Cooper; associate editor, D. S. Hutchinson, 457--556. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing, 1997. Lihat Symposium 201d--212b and Phaedrus 246a--257b mengenai hasrat, keindahan, ingatan kembali, dan pendakian.
Railton, Peter. "Moral Realism." The Philosophical Review 95, no. 2 (1986): 163--207. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2185589.
Rowe, William L. "The Problem of Evil and Some Varieties of Atheism." American Philosophical Quarterly 16, no. 4 (1979): 335--341.
Schellenberg, J. L. Divine Hiddenness and Human Reason. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993; rev.\ paperback ed., 2006.
Smart, J. J. C. "Sensations and Brain Processes." The Philosophical Review 68, no. 2 (1959): 141--156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2182164.
Smith, Carly Parnitzke, and Jennifer J. Freyd. "Institutional Betrayal." American Psychologist 69, no. 6 (2014): 575--584. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037564.
Sterba, James P. Is a Good God Logically Possible? New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.
Toulmin, Stephen E. The Uses of Argument. Updated ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Handbook for Developing Evidence-Based Recommendations: Formulating Questions, Conducting the Systematic Review, and Assessing the Certainty of the Evidence Using GRADE. Version 0, April 22, 2024. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/157056. Diverifikasi July 10, 2026.
International Organization for Standardization. ISO 25964-1:2011, Information and Documentation: Thesauri and Interoperability with Other Vocabularies, Part 1: Thesauri for Information Retrieval. 1st ed. Geneva: ISO, 2011. https://www.iso.org/standard/53657.html. Diverifikasi July 10, 2026; dikonfirmasi pada 2022 dan sedang direvisi saat verifikasi.
National Information Standards Organization. ANSI/NISO Z39.19-2005 (R2010): Guidelines for the Construction, Format, and Management of Monolingual Controlled Vocabularies. Bethesda, MD: NISO, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3789/ansi.niso.z39.19-2005R2010.
United Nations. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 1948. https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights. Diverifikasi May 19, 2026.
Weber, Max. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Translated by Talcott Parsons. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1930. Teks publik: https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Protestant_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism.
Wilkinson, Mark D., et al. "The FAIR Guiding Principles for Scientific Data Management and Stewardship." Scientific Data 3 (2016): 160018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18.
Wykstra, Stephen J. "The Humean Obstacle to Evidential Arguments from Suffering: On Avoiding the Evils of Appearance." International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 16, no. 2 (1984): 73--93.
Whitehead, Alfred North. Process and Reality: An Essay in Cosmology. Corrected ed. Edited by David Ray Griffin and Donald W. Sherburne. New York: Free Press, 1978.
ensiklopedia, metode, dan uraian tandingan publik. Entri-entri ini mengarahkan perbandingan dan tidak menggantikan pendukung primer ketika suatu aliran atau pemikir tertentu sedang ditinjau. Tanggal publikasi pertama dan revisi substantif di bawah merupakan tanggal yang dilaporkan oleh entri yang dirujuk; "verified" mencatat pemeriksaan terakhir DDF atas laman aktif atau arsip yang disebutkan.
Purdue Online Writing Lab. "Toulmin Argument." Publication and revision dates are not supplied on the page. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/academic_writing/historical_perspectives_on_argumentation/toulmin_argument.html. Verified July 11, 2026.
Wang, Hanchen, Tianfan Fu, Yuanqi Du, et al. "Scientific Discovery in the Age of Artificial Intelligence." Nature 620 (2023): 47--60. Published August 2, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06221-2. Verified July 11, 2026.
Hustwit, J. R. "Process Philosophy." Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Publication and revision dates are not supplied on the page. https://iep.utm.edu/processp/. Verified July 11, 2026.
Norton, Michael Barnes. "Religious Pluralism." Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Publication and revision dates are not supplied on the page. https://iep.utm.edu/rel-plur/. Verified July 11, 2026.
Tuggy, Dale. "Religious Diversity, Theories of." Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Publication and revision dates are not supplied on the page. https://iep.utm.edu/reli-div/. Verified July 11, 2026.
Basinger, David. "Religious Diversity (Pluralism)." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published May 25, 2004; substantive revision February 21, 2025. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/religious-pluralism/. Verified July 11, 2026.
Boyd, Nora Mills, and James Bogen. "Theory and Observation in Science." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published January 6, 2009; substantive revision January 12, 2026. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/science-theory-observation/. Verified July 11, 2026.
Cat, Jordi. "The Unity of Science." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published August 9, 2007; substantive revision January 9, 2024. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-unity/. Verified July 11, 2026.
Celikates, Robin, and Jeffrey Flynn. "Critical Theory (Frankfurt School)." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published December 12, 2023. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/critical-theory/. Verified July 11, 2026.
Colyvan, Mark. "Indispensability Arguments in the Philosophy of Mathematics." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published December 21, 1998; substantive revision March 6, 2023. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mathphil-indis/. Verified July 11, 2026.
Douven, Igor. "Abduction." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published March 9, 2011; substantive revision June 18, 2025. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/abduction/. Verified July 11, 2026.
Frigg, Roman, and Stephan Hartmann. "Models in Science." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published February 27, 2006; substantive revision April 2, 2025. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/models-science/. Verified July 11, 2026.
Frigg, Roman, and James Nguyen. "Scientific Representation." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published October 10, 2016; substantive revision May 20, 2026. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-representation/. Verified July 11, 2026.
Friederich, Simon. "Fine-Tuning." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published August 22, 2017; substantive revision February 26, 2026. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/fine-tuning/. Verified July 11, 2026.
Goff, Philip, William Seager, and Sean Allen-Hermanson. "Panpsychism." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published May 23, 2001; substantive revision May 13, 2022. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/panpsychism/. Verified July 11, 2026.
Grasswick, Heidi. "Feminist Social Epistemology." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published November 9, 2006; substantive revision July 24, 2018. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminist-social-epistemology/. Verified July 11, 2026.
Horsten, Leon. "Philosophy of Mathematics." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published September 25, 2007; substantive revision January 25, 2022. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philosophy-mathematics/. Verified July 11, 2026.
Howard-Snyder, Daniel, and Adam Green. "Hiddenness of God." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published April 23, 2016; substantive revision July 8, 2022. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/divine-hiddenness/. Verified July 11, 2026.
Hunt, David, and Linda Zagzebski. "Foreknowledge and Free Will." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published July 6, 2004; substantive revision February 17, 2026. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/free-will-foreknowledge/. Verified July 11, 2026.
Ladyman, James. "Structural Realism." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published November 14, 2007; substantive revision May 18, 2023. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/structural-realism/. Verified July 11, 2026.
Linnebo, Øystein. "Platonism in the Philosophy of Mathematics." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published July 18, 2009; substantive revision March 28, 2023. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/platonism-mathematics/. Verified July 11, 2026.
Lutz, Matthew. "Moral Naturalism." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published June 1, 2006; substantive revision June 12, 2024. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/naturalism-moral/. Verified July 11, 2026.
McKenna, Michael, and D. Justin Coates. "Compatibilism." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published April 26, 2004; substantive revision April 16, 2024. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/compatibilism/. Verified July 11, 2026.
Miller, Seumas. "Social Institutions." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published January 4, 2007; substantive revision October 22, 2025. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/social-institutions/. Verified July 11, 2026.
Nickles, Thomas. "Scientific Revolutions." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published March 5, 2009; substantive revision November 28, 2017. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-revolutions/. Verified July 11, 2026.
O'Connor, Timothy, and Christopher Franklin. "Free Will." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published January 7, 2002; substantive revision November 3, 2022. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/freewill/. Verified July 11, 2026.
O'Connor, Timothy. "Emergent Properties." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published August 10, 2020. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/properties-emergent/. Verified July 11, 2026.
Papineau, David. "Naturalism." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published February 22, 2007; substantive revision March 31, 2020. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/naturalism/. Verified July 11, 2026.
Perrine, Timothy. "Skeptical Theism." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published January 13, 2023. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/skeptical-theism/. Verified July 11, 2026.
Reck, Erich, and Georg Schiemer. "Structuralism in the Philosophy of Mathematics." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published November 18, 2019; substantive revision September 17, 2025. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/structuralism-mathematics/. Verified July 11, 2026.
Robb, David. "Moral Responsibility and the Principle of Alternative Possibilities." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published July 9, 2020. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/alternative-possibilities/. Verified July 11, 2026.
Schickore, Jutta. "Scientific Discovery." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published March 6, 2014; substantive revision October 31, 2022. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-discovery/. Verified July 11, 2026.
Seibt, Johanna. "Process Philosophy." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published October 15, 2012; substantive revision May 26, 2022. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/process-philosophy/. Verified July 11, 2026.
Sequoiah-Grayson, Sebastian, and Luciano Floridi. "Semantic Conceptions of Information." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published October 5, 2005; substantive revision January 14, 2022. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/information-semantic/. Verified July 11, 2026.
Stoljar, Daniel. "Physicalism." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published February 13, 2001; substantive revision May 25, 2021. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physicalism/. Verified July 11, 2026.
Talbert, Matthew. "Moral Responsibility." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published October 16, 2019; substantive revision June 3, 2024. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-responsibility/. Verified July 11, 2026.
Talbott, Thomas. "Heaven and Hell in Christian Thought." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published April 23, 2013; substantive revision May 10, 2025. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/heaven-hell/. Verified July 11, 2026.
Tooley, Michael. "The Problem of Evil." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published September 16, 2002; substantive revision March 3, 2015. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/evil/. Verified July 11, 2026.
Van Gulick, Robert. "Consciousness." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published June 18, 2004; substantive revision January 14, 2014. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness/. Verified July 11, 2026.
Viney, Donald. "Process Theism." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published July 29, 2004; substantive revision June 4, 2022. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/process-theism/. Verified July 11, 2026.
Woodward, James, and Lauren Ross. "Scientific Explanation." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Fall 2023 archive. First published May 9, 2003; substantive revision May 10, 2021. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2023/entries/scientific-explanation/. Verified July 11, 2026.
Sejarah Publik dan Transmisi Tekstual
Dever, William G. Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From? Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2003. ISBN 0-8028-0975-8.
Dunn, James D. G. Jesus Remembered. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2003.
Ehrman, Bart D. Did Jesus Exist? The Historical Argument for Jesus of Nazareth. New York: HarperOne, 2012.
Josephus, Flavius. Jewish Antiquities. Translated by Louis H. Feldman. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1965. Lihat XVIII.63--64 and XX.200.
Killebrew, Ann E. Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines, and Early Israel, 1300--1100 B.C.E. Archaeology and Biblical Studies 9. Atlanta, GA: Society of Biblical Literature, 2005. ISBN 978-1-58983-097-4.
Lichtheim, Miriam. Ancient Egyptian Literature. Vol. 2, The New Kingdom. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976. Lihat 73--78 untuk retorika kemenangan Prasasti Merneptah.
Roth, Martha T. Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor. 2nd ed. Writings from the Ancient World 6. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1997. Lihat Laws of Hammurabi 15--20 and 117 untuk perbandingan budak pelarian dan pelayanan-utang.
Smelik, K. A. D., trans. "Moabite Inscriptions: The Inscription of King Mesha (2.23)." In The Context of Scripture, vol. 2, Monumental Inscriptions from the Biblical World, edited by William W. Hallo and K. Lawson Younger Jr., 137--138. Leiden: Brill, 2000. Brill volume record: https://brill.com/abstract/title/1773?language=en. Diverifikasi July 11, 2026. Digunakan sebagai bukti komparatif Zaman Besi kemudian bagi retorika perang-kerajaan dan חֵרֶם, bukan sebagai bukti langsung bagi Joshua.
Meier, John P. A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus. Vol. 1. New York: Doubleday, 1991.
Pliny the Younger. Letters. Translated by William Melmoth; revised by W. M. L. Hutchinson. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1927. Lihat X.96--97.
Sanders, E. P. The Historical Figure of Jesus. London: Penguin, 1993.
Tacitus. The Annals. Translated by John Jackson. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1937. Lihat XV.44.
Younger, K. Lawson, Jr. Ancient Conquest Accounts: A Study in Ancient Near Eastern and Biblical History Writing. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series 98. Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1990. ISBN 1-85075-252-4.
Zapata-Meza, Marcela, Andrea Garza D\'iaz Barriga, and Rosaura Sanz-Rinc\'on. "The Magdala Archaeological Project (2010--2012): A Preliminary Report of the Excavations at Migdal." 'Atiqot 90 (2018): 83--126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.70967/2948-040X.1829. Israel Antiquities Authority record: https://publications.iaa.org.il/atiqot/vol90/iss1/7/. Diverifikasi July 11, 2026.
Fisika, Kosmologi, Matematika, Informasi, dan Biologi
Adams, Fred C. "The Degree of Fine-Tuning in Our Universe and Others." Physics Reports 807 (2019): 1--111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2019.02.001.
Anderson, P. W. "More Is Different." Science 177, no. 4047 (1972): 393--396. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.177.4047.393.
Attwater, James, Teresa L. Augustin, Joseph F. Curran, et al. "Trinucleotide Substrates under pH--Freeze--Thaw Cycles Enable Open-Ended Exponential RNA Replication by a Polymerase Ribozyme." Nature Chemistry 17 (2025): 1129--1137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-025-01830-y.
Anderson, James R., Alasdair Gillies, and Louise C. Lock. "Pan Thanatology." Current Biology 20 (2010): R349--R351. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.02.010.
Barnes, Luke A. "The Fine-Tuning of the Universe for Intelligent Life." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 29, no. 4 (2012): 529--564. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/AS12015.
Barresi, Michael J. F., and Scott F. Gilbert. Developmental Biology. 12th ed. New York: Sinauer Associates, an imprint of Oxford University Press, 2020. ISBN 978-1-60535-822-2.
B\'erut, Antoine, Artak Arakelyan, Artyom Petrosyan, Sergio Ciliberto, Raoul Dillenschneider, and Eric Lutz. "Experimental Verification of Landauer's Principle Linking Information and Thermodynamics." Nature 483 (2012): 187--189. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10872.
Birch, Jonathan, Charlotte Burn, Alexandra Schnell, Heather Browning, and Andrew Crump. Review of the Evidence of Sentience in Cephalopod Molluscs and Decapod Crustaceans. London: LSE Consulting, LSE Enterprise Ltd, London School of Economics and Political Science, November 2021. Institutional repository record: https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/115994. Verified July 11, 2026.
Blount, Zachary D., Jeffrey E. Barrick, Carla J. Davidson, and Richard E. Lenski. "Genomic Analysis of a Key Innovation in an Experimental Escherichia coli Population." Nature 489 (2012): 513--518. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11514.
Bodien, Yelena G., et al. "Cognitive Motor Dissociation in Disorders of Consciousness." New England Journal of Medicine 391 (2024): 598--608. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2400645.
Caldarelli, Paolo, Alexander Chamolly, Aur\'elien Villedieu, et al. "Self-Organized Tissue Mechanics Underlie Embryonic Regulation." Nature 633 (2024): 887--894. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07934-8.
Carvunis, Anne-Ruxandra, et al. "Proto-genes and De Novo Gene Birth." Nature 487 (2012): 370--374. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11184.
Bekenstein, Jacob D. "Black Holes and Entropy." Physical Review D 7, no. 8 (1973): 2333--2346. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.7.2333.
Bekenstein, Jacob D. "Universal Upper Bound on the Entropy-to-Energy Ratio for Bounded Systems." Physical Review D 23, no. 2 (1981): 287--298. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.23.287.
Cogitate Consortium, Oscar Ferrante, Urszula Gorska-Klimowska, et al. "Adversarial Testing of Global Neuronal Workspace and Integrated Information Theories of Consciousness." Nature 642 (2025): 133--142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08888-1.
Collinet, Claudio, and Thomas Lecuit. "Programmed and Self-Organized Flow of Information during Morphogenesis." Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 22 (2021): 245--265. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-020-00318-6.
Cousins, Trevor, Aylwyn Scally, and Richard Durbin. "A Structured Coalescent Model Reveals Deep Ancestral Structure Shared by All Modern Humans." Nature Genetics 57 (2025): 856--864. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-025-02117-1.
Crook, Robyn J. Behavioral and Neurophysiological Evidence Suggests Affective Pain Experience in Octopus. iScience 24, no. 3 (2021): 102229. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.102229.
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