References
Chapter notes identify the particular passage, result, or document supporting an argument. This catalogue brings together editions, studies, technical records, and sources for comparison. Where access was limited to an abstract, author manuscript, or publisher summary, the relevant note states that scope.
Publication, revision, and consultation dates distinguish the evidence used. A dated report supports its specified edition; current practical decisions also require current local evidence. The thematic catalogue is followed by further sources arranged by author.
Aland, Barbara, Kurt Aland, Johannes Karavidopoulos, Carlo M. Martini, and Bruce M. Metzger, eds. Novum Testamentum Graece. 28th rev.\ ed. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2012. Cited as NA28.
Bauer, Walter, Frederick W. Danker, William F. Arndt, and F. Wilbur Gingrich. A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. 3rd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. Cited as BDAG.
Brown, Francis, S. R. Driver, and Charles A. Briggs. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907. Cited as BDB; see the exact entries named in claim-local notes.
Elliger, Karl, and Wilhelm Rudolph, eds. Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. 5th corrected ed. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1997. Cited as BHS.
Holmes, Michael W., ed. The Greek New Testament: SBL Edition. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature; Bellingham, WA: Logos Bible Software, 2010. https://www.sblgnt.com/. Cited as SBLGNT.
Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Revised by Walter Baumgartner and Johann Jakob Stamm. Translated and edited under the supervision of M. E. J. Richardson. 5 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1994--2000. Cited as HALOT.
Liddell, H. G., Robert Scott, and Henry Stuart Jones. A Greek-English Lexicon. 9th ed.\ with revised supplement. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996. Cited as LSJ; see the exact entries named in claim-local notes.
Rahlfs, Alfred, and Robert Hanhart, eds. Septuaginta: Id est Vetus Testamentum graece iuxta LXX interpretes. 2nd rev.\ ed. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2006. See Wisdom of Solomon 1--3 for the ancient Jewish creation, incorruption, death, and judgment witness used in the hell synthesis, and Judith 16:17 for the reading of Isaiah's worm and fire as conscious pain without end, used in Ch. 40.
Nickelsburg, George W. E., and James C. VanderKam. 1 Enoch: The Hermeneia Translation. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2012. See 22 and 27 for differentiated conditions of the dead awaiting judgment and the accursed valley.
García Martínez, Florentino, and Eibert J. C. Tigchelaar, eds. and trans. The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition. 2 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1997--1998. See 1QS III.13--IV.26 for the Two Spirits, formation, visitation, purification, suffering, and destruction.
Stone, Michael E. Fourth Ezra: A Commentary on the Book of Fourth Ezra. Hermeneia. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1990. See 7:26--44 and 7:75--101 for death, intermediate disclosure, resurrection, judgment, recompense, and the world to come; the work survives through ancient versions rather than a complete extant Hebrew or Greek original.
Klijn, A. F. J. "2 (Syriac Apocalypse of) Baruch: A New Translation and Introduction." In The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, vol. 1, Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments, edited by James H. Charlesworth, 615--652. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1983. See 49--51 for recognizable embodied restoration followed by transformation.
Philo of Alexandria. Every Good Man Is Free. In Philo, vol. 9, translated by F. H. Colson. Loeb Classical Library 363. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1941. See 75--91 for the Essenes' reported rejection of slaveholding.
Philo of Alexandria. On the Cherubim, 125--127. Yonge translation: https://earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book5.html. Chapter 21 compares the distinct causal roles of God and Logos in this passage with the cumulative Christian creator predicates.
Philo of Alexandria. Flaccus, 83. Public translation: https://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book36.html. Ch. 21 uses the release of crucified bodies to relatives on a festival as evidence that burial could be permitted, with the occasion's exceptional character retained.
Josephus, Flavius. Jewish War IV.317 (IV.5.2). William Whiston translation: https://www.ccel.org/ccel/josephus/works/files/war-4.htm. Ch. 21 uses the stated concern to bury crucified people before sunset, with the passage's apologetic setting distinguished from a measured frequency of permission. Ch. 40 uses II.163 for the Pharisees' account of the souls of the wicked.
Porten, Bezalel, and Ada Yardeni, eds. Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt. TAD A4.7, the petition to Bagavahya, governor of Judah, concerning the destroyed temple of YHW (407 BCE), Berlin P.13495, https://elephantine.smb.museum/objects/object.php?o=100282; and TAD C3.15, donation list from Elephantine. The latter translated by Bezalel Porten, public excerpt: https://www.posenlibrary.com/entry/donors-yhw-and-other-deities-elephantine. Ch. 18 reads its allocation to YHW, Eshembethel, and Anathbethel alongside the separate temple petition.
Aḥituv, Shmuel, Esther Eshel, and Ze'ev Meshel. “The Inscriptions.” In Kuntillet Ajrud (Horvat Teman): An Iron Age II Religious Site on the Judah Sinai Border. Israel Exploration Society, 2012. Inscription 4.1.1, p. 105, public translation and editorial note: https://www.posenlibrary.com/entry/prayer-kuntillet-ajrud. Ch. 18 uses the invocation of YHWH of Teman and his asherah, retaining the disputed identification of the latter.
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage. “Peshitta,” sections on the New Testament's origin and contents. https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Peshitta. Ch. 24 and Appendix C use its twenty-two-book contents to distinguish common reception from unanimity.
Frayer-Griggs, Daniel. "Neither Proof Text nor Proverb: The Instrumental Sense of διά and the Soteriological Function of Fire in 1 Corinthians 3.15." New Testament Studies 59, no. 4 (2013): 517--534. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0028688513000167.
Institut f\"ur Neutestamentliche Textforschung. Kurzgefasste Liste der griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testaments and New Testament Virtual Manuscript Room. M\"unster: University of M\"unster. https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/. Verified May 19, 2026.
Athanasius of Alexandria. Against the Heathen. In Contra Gentes and De Incarnatione, edited and translated by Robert W. Thomson. Oxford Early Christian Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971. See 2--11 and 40--42.
Athanasius of Alexandria. Defence of the Nicene Definition (De Decretis). Translated by John Henry Newman and Archibald Robertson. In Select Works and Letters, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, vol. 4. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. See 18--24 and 32. Public text: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2809.htm. Verified July 11, 2026.
Athanasius of Alexandria. The Life of Antony and the Letter to Marcellinus. Translated with introduction by Robert C. Gregg. Classics of Western Spirituality. New York: Paulist Press, 1980. See Life of Antony 22--43 and Letter to Marcellinus 12 and 27--29.
Athanasius of Alexandria. De Incarnatione (On the Incarnation). In Contra Gentes and De Incarnatione, edited and translated by Robert W. Thomson. Oxford Early Christian Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971. See 3--10, 20--30, 41--45, and 54. Public text, translated by Archibald Robertson in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, vol. 4 (1892): https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2802.htm. Verified July 11, 2026; 43.2--4 consulted October 12, 2026.
Athanasius of Alexandria. Festal Letter 39. See 5--7 for the New Testament canon and the distinction from other recommended reading. Public text: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2806039.htm. Consulted September 5, 2026.
Athenagoras of Athens. Legatio and De Resurrectione. Edited and translated by William R. Schoedel. Oxford Early Christian Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972. See the secure Plea for the Christians 31 and 36. See also On the Resurrection of the Dead 12--25, cited in this manuscript as Pseudo-Athenagoras because authorship of the resurrection treatise remains disputed.
Grant, Robert M. "Athenagoras or Pseudo-Athenagoras." Harvard Theological Review 47, no. 2 (1954): 121--129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0017816000027528. Used to mark, not silently resolve, the disputed authorship of De Resurrectione.
Arnobius of Sicca. The Case Against the Pagans. Translated by George E. McCracken. Ancient Christian Writers 7--8. Westminster, MD: Newman Press, 1949. See II.14 for long conscious punishment culminating in "real death." Public text: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/06312.htm. Verified July 11, 2026.
Augustine of Hippo. Against Faustus. Translated by Richard Stothert. In St. Augustin: The Writings against the Manichaeans and against the Donatists. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, vol. 4. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. See XXII.74--79.
Augustine of Hippo. Confessions. Translated by Henry Chadwick. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991. See I.1.1; X.6.8; X.8.12--25.36; and X.27.38.
Augustine of Hippo. Expositions on the Book of Psalms. Abridged from the Oxford translation and edited by A. Cleveland Coxe. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, vol. 8. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. See 94.2 and 140.2--4.
Augustine of Hippo. The Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love. Translated by J. F. Shaw. In Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, vol. 3, edited by Philip Schaff. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1887; reprint, Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. See 68--69 for the Christ-foundation boundary on salvation through fire, and 105--107 for fulfilled freedom and divine aid. Public text: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1302.htm. Sections 105--107 consulted September 8, 2026.
Augustine of Hippo. On Baptism, Against the Donatists, II.3.4--4.5. Translated by J. R. King and revised by Chester D. Hartranft. In Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, vol. 4, edited by Philip Schaff. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1887. Public text revised for New Advent: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/14082.htm. Ch. 24 examines canonical truthfulness, whole-Church authority, and correction of later judgments.
Augustine of Hippo. On Grace and Free Choice. In Augustine: On the Free Choice of the Will, On Grace and Free Choice, and Other Writings, edited and translated by Peter King. Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. See 2--4 and 29--33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511844720.010. Public text as On Grace and Free Will, translated by Peter Holmes and Robert Ernest Wallis, revised by Benjamin B. Warfield, in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, vol. 5 (1887): https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1510.htm. Consulted October 12, 2026.
Augustine of Hippo. On the Trinity. Translated by Edmund Hill. The Works of Saint Augustine I/5. Brooklyn, NY: New City Press, 1991. See I.4.7, II.5.7, and IV.20.27.
Augustine of Hippo. On Rebuke and Grace, 31--34. Public translation: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1513.htm. Ch. 40 engages effective grace, perseverance, and the fate of those outside the predestined company.
Augustine of Hippo. The Nature of the Good. In The Manichean Debate, translated, introduced, and annotated by Roland Teske; edited by Boniface Ramsey. The Works of Saint Augustine I/19. Hyde Park, NY: New City Press, 2006. ISBN 978-1-56548-247-0. See 1--4. Public text: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1407.htm. Verified July 11, 2026.
Augustine of Hippo. The City of God against the Pagans. Edited and translated by R. W. Dyson. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. See XII.6--9; XV.22; XXI.9, 17, 23, and 26; and XXII.19--20 and 30. The public text consulted for the latter restoration passages is Marcus Dods's translation in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, vol. 2, edited by Philip Schaff (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1887), as revised for New Advent: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/120122.htm. Consulted September 7--8, 2026.
Augustine of Hippo. The City of God, XI.17--18. Public translation by Marcus Dods, revised for New Advent: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/120111.htm. Ch. 26 engages the beauty of the whole order and distinguishes that good from the restoration of a particular sufferer.
Augustine of Hippo. Sermon 21 on the New Testament (Sermon 71 in standard numbering), 20--21. Translated by R. G. MacMullen. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, vol. 6, edited by Philip Schaff. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1888. Public text revised for New Advent: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/160321.htm. Consulted September 8, 2026. Chapter 40 also uses sections 34--37, especially 35, on repentance after the actual accusation; consulted October 20, 2026.
Augustine of Hippo. Sermon 23 on the New Testament (Sermon 73 in standard numbering), 2--4. Translated by R. G. MacMullen. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, vol. 6, edited by Philip Schaff. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1888. Public text revised for New Advent: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/160323.htm. Consulted October 16, 2026.
Augustine of Hippo. Teaching Christianity (De doctrina christiana). Translated by Edmund Hill. The Works of Saint Augustine I/11. Hyde Park, NY: New City Press, 1996. See I.22--27.
Augustine of Hippo. Tractates on the Gospel of John. Translated by John Gibb. In St. Augustin: Homilies on the Gospel of John; Homilies on the First Epistle of John; Soliloquies. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, vol. 7. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. See tractate 80.3.
Basil of Caesarea. On the Holy Spirit. In Letters and Select Works, translated by Blomfield Jackson. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, vol. 8. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. See 15--18. See also 27.65--67.
Basil of Caesarea. Hexaemeron. In Letters and Select Works, translated by Blomfield Jackson. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, vol. 8. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. See VIII.2--7 and IX.2--5.
Clement of Alexandria. Christ the Educator (Paedagogus). Translated by Simon P. Wood. Fathers of the Church 23. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1954; reprinted 2008. See I.1--3, I.8--10, and the claim-local loci in II--III. Public text: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0209.htm. Verified July 11, 2026.
Clement of Alexandria. The Stromata. Translated by William Wilson. In The Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 2, edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1885; reprint, Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. See I.27, V.4, VI.6, and VII.16 for punishment as correction, Christ and faith as foundation, combustible additions, postmortem preaching, repentance under judgment, and the salvation of the universe. Chapter 41 also uses VI.13 on formed character and judging thrones, and VII.11--12 on love's mature motive, while distinguishing VI.14's grief and VII.10's final contemplation. Public text: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0210.htm. Judgment loci verified July 11, 2026; formation and vocation loci verified October 15, 2026.
Council of Nicaea I. Creed of Nicaea (AD 325), and Council of Constantinople I. Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed (AD 381). In Norman P. Tanner, ed., Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils. 2 vols. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1990.
Council of Chalcedon. Definition of Faith (AD 451). In Norman P. Tanner, ed., Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils. 2 vols. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1990. Public Greek and English text: https://earlychurchtexts.com/public/chalcedonian_definition.htm. Verified May 19, 2026.
Cyril of Alexandria. Commentary on John. Book XI, translated by T. Randell. Vol. 2, Library of the Fathers 48, 1885. See the exposition of John 17:20--21, pp. 550--552. Public text: https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/cyril_on_john_11_book11.htm. Consulted September 6--7, 2026.
Cyril of Jerusalem. Lectures on the Christian Sacraments: The Procatechesis and the Five Mystagogical Catecheses. Greek text and English translation by Maxwell E. Johnson. Popular Patristics Series 57. Yonkers, NY: St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 2017.
Cyprian of Carthage. On the Unity of the Catholic Church. In Saint Cyprian: Treatises, translated by Roy J. Deferrari. Fathers of the Church 36. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1958. See 4--5.
Gregory of Nazianzus. On God and Christ: The Five Theological Orations and Two Letters to Cledonius. Translated by Frederick Williams and Lionel Wickham. Popular Patristics Series 23. Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 2002. See Theological Orations 29.2--3 and 31.14--16, 25--29; Letter 101 to Cledonius for complete human assumption and healing. Public text of Letter 101: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3103a.htm. Consulted September 5, 2026.
Gregory of Nazianzus. Festal Orations. Translated with introduction and commentary by Nonna Verna Harrison. Popular Patristics Series 36. Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 2008. See Oration 39.19 for the final baptism of fire consuming the stubble of evil.
Gregory of Nyssa. Dogmatic Treatises, Etc., translated by William Moore and Henry Austin Wilson. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, vol. 5. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. See To Ablabius: That There Are Not Three Gods, pp. 331--336, for one divine operation; On the Making of Man 8, 16, and 27--30 for embodied humanity; and The Great Catechism 5--8, 26, 35, and 40 for creation, evil, judgment, purification, restoration, and the distinction between preserved human nature and changed conduct; see also On the Soul and the Resurrection for the gold-and-alloy account of evil's removal and the closing discussion of bodily ages. The same translated collection contains On Infants' Early Deaths; its nourishment and capacity argument was consulted in the public transcription: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2912.htm, based on the 1893 edition, revised for New Advent. Consulted September 7--8, 2026.
Gregory of Nyssa. In illud: Tunc et ipse filius. PG 44, 1304--1325. Translated by Casimir McCambley as a treatise on First Corinthians 15:28, Greek Orthodox Theological Review 28 (1983): 1--25. Public reproduction of the translation: https://afkimel.wordpress.com/2019/10/04/in-illud-tunc-et-ipse-filius/. Chapter 40 uses the distinction between reconciled personal enemies and abolished death. The public translation was read for this argument on October 19, 2026; the Greek critical text was not independently collated.
Gregory of Nyssa. The Life of Moses. Translated by Abraham J. Malherbe and Everett Ferguson. Classics of Western Spirituality. New York: Paulist Press, 1978. See II.91--100.
Gregory of Nyssa. Homilies on Ecclesiastes: An English Version with Supporting Studies. Homilies translated by Stuart George Hall and Rachel Moriarty; edited by Stuart George Hall. Proceedings of the Seventh International Colloquium on Gregory of Nyssa. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1993. See Homily IV for Gregory's attack on slave ownership.
Holmes, Michael W., ed.\ and trans.\ The Apostolic Fathers: Greek Texts and English Translations. 3rd ed. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2007. See Didache 1--16; Epistle of Barnabas 20--21; 1 Clement 3, 13--21, 40--44, and 51--59; Ignatius, Ephesians 7, 16--18, and 20, Magnesians 6--7, and Smyrnaeans 1--3 and 7--8; and Polycarp, Philippians 1--12, with Martyrdom of Polycarp 2 and 11; see also 2 Clement 17.7.
Irenaeus of Lyons. Against Heresies. Translated by Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut. In The Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 1, edited by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson; revised and chronologically arranged by A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1885; reprint, Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. Load-bearing loci include I.9.4 and I.10.1--3; II.30.9 and II.34.2--4; III.3.1--4, III.18, III.23, and III.24.1; IV.18.5, IV.20, IV.37--38; V.1, V.2.2--3, V.6.1, V.21, V.27, and V.31--36. Public text collection: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103.htm. Verified July 11, 2026.
Irenaeus of Lyons. On the Apostolic Preaching. Translated by John Behr. Popular Patristics Series 17. Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1997. See 3--8 and 31--42.
John Cassian. The Conferences. Translated by Boniface Ramsey. Ancient Christian Writers 57. New York: Paulist Press, 1997. See Conference 2.1--4, 9--10, and 16.
John Chrysostom. Homilies on the Epistles of Paul to the Corinthians. Translated by Talbot W. Chambers. In Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, vol. 12. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. See Homily 9 on First Corinthians for the reading of 1 Corinthians 3:15 as preservation in punitive fire. Public text: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/220109.htm. Verified July 11, 2026.
John Chrysostom. Homilies on Hebrews. Translated by Frederic Gardiner. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, vol. 14, edited by Philip Schaff. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1889. Homily 4.6 distinguishes submission under fear of death, captivity to death, and continual fear: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/240204.htm, consulted October 15, 2026. Homily 20.1--4: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/240220.htm, consulted September 8, 2026. Public texts revised for New Advent.
John Chrysostom. Homilies on the Gospel of Saint Matthew. Translated by George Prevost, revised by M. B. Riddle. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, vol. 10, edited by Philip Schaff. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1888. Homily 46.1 on the wheat and the weeds: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/200146.htm, consulted October 16, 2026. Public text revised for New Advent. Homily 41.5 discusses forgiveness after the accusation: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/200141.htm, consulted October 20, 2026.
John Chrysostom. Homilies on Philemon. In Saint Chrysostom: Homilies on Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, Thessalonians, Timothy, Titus, and Philemon, translated by Gross Alexander. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, vol. 13. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. See homilies 1--3.
John of Damascus. An Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith. In Writings, translated by Frederic H. Chase Jr. Fathers of the Church 37. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1958. See I.8 and III.6; III.23 treats Christ's natural and innocent fear. A separate public translation from Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, vol. 9 (1899), supplies the Book III text consulted here: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/33043.htm. Consulted September 5 and October 15, 2026.
Justin Martyr. Justin, Philosopher and Martyr: Apologies. Edited and translated by Denis Minns and Paul Parvis. Oxford Early Christian Texts. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. See First Apology 8, 17, 52, 61, and 65--67 for embodied resurrection, continuing sensibility, everlasting punishment, differentiated accountability, judgment, baptism, Eucharist, and worship; see also 46; and Second Apology 6, 8, 10, and 13. Public texts: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0126.htm and https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0127.htm. Verified July 11, 2026.
Melito of Sardis. On Pascha and Fragments. Introduction and translation by Stuart George Hall. Oxford Early Christian Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979. See On Pascha 46--71 and 100--105, with the Pascha/suffering wordplay at 46. Public translation: https://ccjr.us/dialogika-resources/primary-texts-from-the-history-of-the-relationship/melito-of-sardis.
Maximus the Confessor. On Difficulties in the Church Fathers: The Ambigua. Translated by Nicholas Constas. 2 vols. Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library 28--29. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014. See Ambiguum 7.
Origen. Homilies on Joshua. Translated by Barbara J. Bruce; edited by Cynthia White. Fathers of the Church 105. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2002. See 1.1--3 and 15.1--3.
Origen. Contra Celsum. Translated by Henry Chadwick. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953. See II.51--52 for sign and magic; IV.13 for the consumption of wicked works and refinement of rational nature; and VIII.72 for the Logos's victory and healing of rational creatures.
Origen. On First Principles. Edited and translated by John Behr. 2 vols. Oxford Early Christian Texts. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. See I.6.1--3, II.10.1--8, and III.6.
Pseudo-Dionysius. Pseudo-Dionysius: The Complete Works. Translated by Colm Luibheid. Classics of Western Spirituality. New York: Paulist Press, 1987. See Divine Names IV.7 and Mystical Theology I.1--3.
Second Council of Constantinople. The Anathemas against Origen (AD 553), with The Anathemas of the Emperor Justinian against Origen (AD 543). In The Seven Ecumenical Councils of the Undivided Church, translated by Henry R. Percival. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, vol. 14. Public text: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3812.htm. Consulted October 19, 2026. Ch. 40 distinguishes the ninth anathema of 543, on temporary punishment, from the fifteen anathemas of 553 against the preexistence system, and notes the disputed conciliar standing of the latter.
Tatian. Address to the Greeks. In The Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 2, edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1885; reprint, Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. See 13 for non-autonomous immortality, bodily resurrection, and "death by punishment in immortality." Public text: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0202.htm. Verified July 11, 2026.
Tertullian. De carne Christi liber: Tertullian's Treatise on the Incarnation. Text edited with introduction, translation, and commentary by Ernest Evans. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1956. See On the Flesh of Christ 5 and 20--25. Public text: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0315.htm. Verified July 11, 2026.
Tertullian. Apology. With an English translation by T. R. Glover. In Tertullian: Apology and De Spectaculis; Minucius Felix: Octavius. Loeb Classical Library 250. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, 1931. See 23 for the public early Christian claim that hostile powers were subject to Christ's name, and 18 and 48 for resurrection and judgment. Public text: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0301.htm. Verified July 11, 2026.
Tertullian. The Prescription Against Heretics. Translated by Peter Holmes. In The Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 3, edited by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson; revised and chronologically arranged by A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1885; reprint, Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. See 13. Public text: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0311.htm. Verified July 11, 2026.
Theophilus of Antioch. Ad Autolycum (To Autolycus). Edited and translated by Robert M. Grant. Oxford Early Christian Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970. See II.15, II.22, and II.24--27. Public Book II text: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02042.htm. Verified July 11, 2026.
Third Council of Constantinople. Definition of Faith (AD 680--681). In The Seven Ecumenical Councils of the Undivided Church, translated by Henry R. Percival. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, vol. 14. Public text: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3813.htm. Verified May 19, 2026; Definition, Session XVIII, consulted again September 8, 2026.
Vincent of L\'erins. Commonitories. Translated by Rudolph E. Morris. In Niceta of Remesiana: Writings; Sulpicius Severus: Writings; Vincent of Lerins: Commonitories; Prosper of Aquitaine: Grace and Free Will. Fathers of the Church 7. New York: Fathers of the Church, 1949. See Commonitory 2.5--6 and 23.50--59.
Adams, Edward. The Coming of the Son of Man in Mark's Gospel. Tyndale Bulletin 56, no.2 (2005): 39--61. https://doi.org/10.53751/001c.29184. Chapter 21 uses the argument for a cosmic parousia and the distinction in 59 n.89 between its approach and its occurrence. The relevant discussions on 54--61 and the opening account of the alternatives were read in the publisher's public article on October 19, 2026.
Hollon, Elton L. Unsound and Informally Fallacious Preterist Arguments for Mark 13:24--27. The Heythrop Journal 64, no.6 (2023): 796--811. https://doi.org/10.1111/heyj.14260. Chapter 21 uses section III's interwoven reading and its alternatives. The argument sections and conclusion were checked in the publisher's open-access text on October 19, 2026.
Adams, Marilyn McCord. Horrendous Evils and the Goodness of God. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999; paperback edition, 2000.
Adams, Marilyn McCord. Horrendous Evils and the Goodness of God. Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume 63, no. 1 (1989): 297--310. Response by Stewart Sutherland, 311--323. https://doi.org/10.1093/aristoteliansupp/63.1.297.
Adams, Marilyn McCord. Ignorance, Instrumentality, Compensation, and the Problem of Evil. Sophia 52 (2013): 7--26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11841-012-0346-9. Public author text, https://andrewmbailey.com/mma/pdfs/IgnoranceInstrumentalityCompensation.pdf, especially 16--25. Ch. 26 develops the distinction between a motivating goal and the good making a shared undertaking fitting for its participants, while retaining a recipient-directed moral requirement that differs from Adams' account of divine obligation.
Baker, Lynne Rudder. Persons and the Metaphysics of Resurrection. Religious Studies 43, no. 3 (2007): 333--348. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034412507008931.
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Gagnon, Robert A. J. The Bible and Homosexual Practice: Texts and Hermeneutics. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press, 2001. Publisher record: https://www.abingdonpress.com/product/9780687022793/. Verified July 19, 2026.
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Loader, William. Same-Sex Relationships: A 1st-Century Perspective. HTS Theological Studies 70, no. 1 (2014): article 2114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v70i1.2114. Revised author text: https://billloader.com/LoaderSameSex.pdf.
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Wright, Christopher J. H. Old Testament Ethics for the People of God. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004.
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Wright, N. T. The Resurrection of the Son of God. Christian Origins and the Question of God 3. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2003.
Wright, N. T. Jesus' Resurrection and Christian Origins. Gregorianum 83, no. 4 (2002): 615--635. Reproduced with the author's permission: https://ntwrightpage.com/2016/07/12/jesus-resurrection-and-christian-origins/.
Adams, Robert Merrihew. Divine Commands and the Social Nature of Obligation. Faith and Philosophy 4, no. 3 (1987): 262--275. Public text: https://andrewmbailey.com/rma/1987d-Adams-SocialNatureObligation.pdf.
Allison, Dale C., Jr. Resurrecting Jesus: The Earliest Christian Tradition and Its Interpreters. New York: T&T Clark International, 2005. See 331--333 and 338--344. Public excerpt: https://www.vincentsapone.com/writings/allisonemptytomb.pdf.
Aristotle. De Anima (On the Soul). Translated by J. A. Smith. In The Works of Aristotle. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1931.
Aristotle. Physics. Translated by Robin Waterfield; introduction and notes by David Bostock. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. See II.3 and II.7--9 on four causes, final causality, and hypothetical necessity.
Aquinas, Thomas. Summa Theologiae, I, q.5, a.4, ad 1 on beauty's relation to the good; I, q.22 on providence; I, q.39, a.8 on integrity, proportion or harmony, and clarity as conditions named in beautiful things; I, q.44, a.4 on God as the final cause of all things; I, q.83, a.1 on free choice; I, q.104, aa.1--4 on divine conservation and created causes; I, q.105, a.4 on God's movement of the creaturely will; and II--II, q.83 on prayer. Translation of the Fathers of the English Dominican Province, 2nd rev. ed., 1920. Public texts: https://www.newadvent.org/summa/1005.htm, https://www.newadvent.org/summa/1022.htm, https://www.newadvent.org/summa/1039.htm, https://www.newadvent.org/summa/1044.htm, https://www.newadvent.org/summa/1083.htm, https://www.newadvent.org/summa/1104.htm, https://www.newadvent.org/summa/1105.htm, and https://www.newadvent.org/summa/3083.htm. Verified July 11, 2026. For free creation, see I, q.19, a.3; for practical reason and the application of moral precepts, I--II, q.94, a.2 and 4; for the contrary account of animals in renewed creation, the posthumously compiled Supplement, q.91, a.5. Public texts: https://www.newadvent.org/summa/1019.htm, https://www.newadvent.org/summa/2094.htm, and https://www.newadvent.org/summa/5091.htm. These additional loci consulted September 6--7, 2026. For operating and cooperating grace and the movement of free will, see I--II, q.111, a.2 and q.113, a.3: https://www.newadvent.org/summa/2111.htm and https://www.newadvent.org/summa/2113.htm. For natural law as rational participation in providence, see I--II, q.91, a.2: https://www.newadvent.org/summa/2091.htm. For eternity and creaturely duration, see I q.10 aa.3, 5: https://www.newadvent.org/summa/1010.htm. For saving necessity and fittingness, see III q.1 a.2 and q.46 aa.1--3: https://www.newadvent.org/summa/4001.htm and https://www.newadvent.org/summa/4046.htm. For resurrection and saving conformity, see III q.56 aa.1--2: https://www.newadvent.org/summa/4056.htm. For sin against the Holy Spirit, final impenitence, and God's power to heal, see II-II q.14 aa.1, 3: https://www.newadvent.org/summa/3014.htm. For willing and choice, see I--II q.10 aa.1--2, 4: https://www.newadvent.org/summa/2010.htm. For justice and mercy, see I q.21 aa.1, 3--4: https://www.newadvent.org/summa/1021.htm. These additional loci consulted September 7--8, 2026. For productive knowledge and knowledge of singular creatures, see I q.14 aa.8, 11: https://www.newadvent.org/summa/1014.htm. Consulted October 12, 2026.
Boethius. The Consolation of Philosophy, V, prose 6. Translated by H. R. James. Monadnock Valley Press online transcription, undated: https://monadnock.net/boethius/consolation5-p6.html. Translator identified in the edition's contents: https://monadnock.net/boethius/consolation.html. Consulted September 7--8, 2026.
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Miller, Richard C. Resurrection and Reception in Early Christianity. Routledge, 2015. https://www.routledge.com/Resurrection-and-Reception-in-Early-Christianity/Miller/p/book/9781315742335. Ch. 21 uses the genre thesis stated in the publisher's description; this access does not constitute a reading of the complete monograph.
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Elsaesser, Evelyn, Chris A. Roe, Callum E. Cooper, and David Lorimer. “The Phenomenology and Impact of Hallucinations Concerning the Deceased.” BJPsych Open 7 (2021): e148. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.960. Ch. 21 uses the primary study's reported sensory experiences, including apparent touch; its purposive online sample supplies no estimate of ancient group experiences.
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Chariton. Callirhoe 3.2--3.3. Greek text and translation, https://www.gottwein.de/Grie/charit/kall0301.php. Ch. 21 distinguishes a narrated investigation, an observed absence, and its explanation.
Durant, Fallon, et al. Long-Term, Stochastic Editing of Regenerative Anatomy via Targeting Endogenous Bioelectric Gradients. Biophysical Journal 112 (2017): 2231--2243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2017.04.011. Ch. 8.
Eccles, L., and S. N. C. Lieu, with C. Ferard and G. Mikkelsen. Stele on the Diffusion of Christianity (the Luminous Religion) from Rome (Da Qin) into China. Translation and commentary, updated November 5, 2023. https://www.manichaeism.de/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Xian-Monument-5.11.2023.pdf. Ch. 12 uses Chinese columns 3--9 and 31 and notes 68--69 for the Syriac divine names and the rule against keeping slaves.
Godwin, James W., Alexander R. Pinto, and Nadia A. Rosenthal. Macrophages Are Required for Adult Salamander Limb Regeneration. PNAS 110 (2013): 9415--9420. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1300290110. Ch. 8 distinguishes epithelial closure, regenerative failure, and renewed response after reamputation.
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Lo, Katherine C., and Christian P. Petersen. map3k1 Suppresses Terminal Differentiation of Migratory Eye Progenitors in Planarian Regeneration. PLOS Genetics 21 (2025): e1011457. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1011457. Ch. 8.
Maclean, Arthur John. East Syrian Daily Offices. London: Rivington, Percival, 1894. 170--171. https://acoecalifornia.org/files/East-Syrian-Daily-Offices%2D%2D%2DMaclean.pdf. Ch. 12 uses a related liturgical comparator, not an identified exemplar of the Chinese hymn.
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Pang, Garry Moon Yuen. Background and Translation of the Chinese Gloria. Jian Dao 49 (2018): 117--142. Ch. 12 uses 135--138; the modern Syriac reverse-translation is not treated as an ancient witness.
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Scanlon, T. M. What We Owe to Each Other. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998. 185--187. Ch. 14, trusteeship and the standing of profoundly disabled people.
Aakko, Maikki. Love, Suffering, and the Problem of Valorisation in Eleonore Stump's The Image of God. Religious Studies, published online May 20, 2026, 1--14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034412526101632. Ch. 39 examines the argument concerning differently fulfilled lives, their appraisal, and the problem of mourning. Full article consulted; DDF's narrower use does not assume its complete value theory.
Abil, Zhanar; et al. Darwinian Evolution of Self-Replicating DNA in a Synthetic Protocell. Nature Communications 15, no. 1 (2024): 9091. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53226-0. Ch. 9.
Abouzaid, Mohammed, et al. First Proof Second Batch. arXiv:2606.18119v1, June 16, 2026. https://arxiv.org/html/2606.18119. Project report: https://1stproof.org/assets/docs/report.pdf. Ch. 11 uses the research-stage, expert-refereed proof benchmark, distinguishing novel natural-language solutions and reported proof gaps from Lean-kernel certification.
Adams, Robert Merrihew. Must God Create the Best? The Philosophical Review 81 (1972): 317--332. https://doi.org/10.2307/2184329; primary text (https://andrewmbailey.com/rma/1972Adams-MustGodCreate.pdf). Rowe, William L. Can God Be Free? Faith and Philosophy 19 (2002): 405--424. https://doi.org/10.5840/faithphil200219446. Ch. 4 compares recipient-directed goodness with the inference from a better possible creation to a better possible creator.
Aizawa, Yuka, et al. Assessment of Brain Mechanisms Involved in the Processes of Thermal Sensation, Pleasantness/Unpleasantness, and Evaluation. IBRO Reports 6 (2019): 54--63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibror.2019.01.003; institutional primary text (https://www.nips.ac.jp/fmritms/publications/upload/images/AizawaY2019IBROR.pdf). Ch. 9 uses methods, behavioral results and figure 2 to distinguish thermal sensation from context-sensitive pleasantness.
Allison, Dale C. Approaching the Resurrection of Jesus as a Historian. The Bible for Normal People, episode 206, May 16, 2022. https://thebiblefornormalpeople.com/episodes/episode-206-dale-c-allison-approaching-the-resurrection-of-jesus-as-a-historian. Ch. 21 engages the historian's own account of the evidence and its limits.
Anderson, Carl D. “The Positive Electron.” Physical Review 43, no. 6 (1933): 491-494. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrev.43.491. Ch. 5.
Anselm of Canterbury. Cur Deus Homo. Book II, chapters 6–9. Public English text: https://sourcebooks.web.fordham.edu/basis/anselm-curdeus.asp. Ch. 22 uses the argument for a divine-human restorer from Adam's race, distinguishing satisfaction from later complete theories of penal substitution.
Aquinas, Thomas. Summa Theologiae I--II, q.100, a.8, reply 3; II--II, q.64, a.6, replies 1--2. https://www.newadvent.org/summa/2100.htm; https://www.newadvent.org/summa/3064.htm. Ch. 19 distinguishes the jurisdiction argument from its inherited-penalty premise and from an appeal to future glory.
Aquinas, Thomas. Summa Theologiae I, q.22, a.2, reply 2. Public translation by the Fathers of the English Dominican Province: https://www.newadvent.org/summa/1022.htm. Ch. 26 engages the permission of particular defects for the good of the whole and distinguishes that argument from the affected creature's own good.
Aquinas, Thomas. Summa Theologiae I, q.23, aa.3, 5, especially a.5 reply 3. https://www.newadvent.org/summa/1023.htm. Ch. 40 engages reprobation and the proposed manifestation of divine justice and mercy, distinguishing another's benefit from the affected person's own good.
Aquinas, Thomas. Summa Theologiae I--II, q.90, aa.2--4 and q.95, a.2. https://www.newadvent.org/summa/2090.htm; https://www.newadvent.org/summa/2095.htm. Ch. 32 uses common good, public entrustment, promulgation and determination to explain how fitting shared rules can create particular duties.
Aquinas, Thomas. Summa Theologiae III, questions 46–48. Public translation by the Fathers of the English Dominican Province: https://www.newadvent.org/summa/4046.htm; https://www.newadvent.org/summa/4047.htm; https://www.newadvent.org/summa/4048.htm. Ch. 22 examines fittingness, distinct intentions within the Passion, representative satisfaction, its superabundant worth, and its relation to sacrifice and effective salvation.
Aquinas, Thomas. Summa Theologiae, Supplement q.67 a.3, https://www.newadvent.org/summa/5067.htm. The posthumous compilation records competing accounts of Mosaic divorce permission. Chapter 31 uses the distinction between civil immunity and a dispensation without treating the passage as an abolition ruling.
Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics IX.4 and IX.9. https://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/nicomachaen.9.ix.html. Ch. 39 uses the actual friend's good and shared activity to distinguish relational fulfillment from an agreeable state. Aquinas I-II q.5 aa.3--4 and the Stump, Adams, and Sutherland works already listed inform the completion argument. Ch. 38 returns to Merricks, sections II--III, while preserving DDF's open intermediate-state account.
Arunachalam, Srinivasan; Castro-Silva, Davi; Dutt, Arkopal; Gur, Tom. Classical and Quantum Polynomial Freiman--Ruzsa Algorithms. In 17th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2026), Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics 362, 11:1--11:8. Schloss Dagstuhl--Leibniz-Zentrum f\"ur Informatik, 2026. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2026.11. Ch. 5.
Auersperg, Felicitas; Vlasak, Thomas; Ponocny, Ivo; et al. “Long-term effects of parental divorce on mental health – A meta-analysis.” Journal of Psychiatric Research 119 (2019): 107-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.09.011. Ch. 28.
Babina, Arianne M; Surkov, Serhiy; Ye, Weihua; et al. “Rescue of Escherichia coli auxotrophy by de novo small proteins.” eLife 12 (2023): e78299. https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.78299. Ch. 9.
Babylonian Talmud. Yoma 22b, https://www.sefaria.org/Yoma.22b; Gittin 38b:3--6, https://www.sefaria.org/Gittin.38b, and 45a, https://www.sefaria.org/Gittin.45a; Kiddushin 21b:21--22a:2, https://www.sefaria.org/Kiddushin.21b, https://www.sefaria.org/Kiddushin.22a; Bava Metzia 108a, https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.108a.10-12. Chapters 19 and 31 use the objection concerning children, the asylum manumission case, the adjoining owner's priority, the permission/obligation dispute, and the captive-woman concession at their particular scopes. Original-language passages and translations consulted October 20, 2026.
Bach, Roger; Pope, Damian; Liou, Sy-Hwang; et al. “Controlled double-slit electron diffraction.” New Journal of Physics 15, no. 3 (2013): 033018. https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/15/3/033018. Ch. 6.
Baker, G. J. “Christianity and Eugenics: The Place of Religion in the British Eugenics Education Society and the American Eugenics Society, c.1907-1940.” Social History of Medicine 27, no. 2 (2014): 281-302. https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hku008. Chs. 16 and 33.
Barandiaran, Xabier E. Autonomy and Enactivism: Towards a Theory of Sensorimotor Autonomous Agency. Topoi 36 (2017): 409--430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-016-9365-4. Kyselo, Miriam. The Body Social: An Enactive Approach to the Self. Frontiers in Psychology 5 (2014): 986. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00986; full text: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4162380/. Ch. 10 compares natural accounts of embodied autonomy and social individuation without inferring phenomenal consciousness from every living process.
Barclay, John M. G. Paul and the Gift. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2015. See chapter 2 on the perfections of gift and chapters 15--17 on Romans. Ch. 23 reads Paul's grace as incongruous gift.
Barkay, Gabriel, Marilyn J. Lundberg, Andrew G. Vaughn, and Bruce Zuckerman. The Amulets from Ketef Hinnom: A New Edition and Evaluation. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 334 (2004): 41--71. https://doi.org/10.2307/4150106. Ch. 18 uses the publisher abstract alongside the Israel Museum's object record (https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/priestly-benediction-on-amulets-unknown/WgGs7fls-QiYdw).
Barnett, Benjy; Fleming, Stephen M. “Symbolic and non-symbolic representations of numerical zero in the human brain.” Current Biology 34, no. 16 (2024): 3804-3811.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.079. Ch. 10.
Bauckham, Richard. Paul's Christology of Divine Identity. Author paper, sections 5--7. https://www.forananswer.org/Top_JW/Richard_Bauckham.pdf. Ch. 21 compares the creation, invocation, and allegiance readings with Fredriksen's contextual challenge, already listed above.
Bauckham, Richard. The Incarnation and the Cosmic Christ. Publisher chapter excerpt, printed pp. 25--45, especially 30--35: public text (https://ms.augsburgfortress.org/downloads/9781451465402_Excerpt%20from%20Chapter%201.pdf?redirected=true). Ch. 21 uses the argument from creation and universal sovereignty to divine identity; it does not adopt every proposal about divine presence or cosmic incarnation in the chapter.
Benson, Herbert, et al. Study of the Therapeutic Effects of Intercessory Prayer (STEP) in Cardiac Bypass Patients: A Multicenter Randomized Trial of Uncertainty and Certainty of Receiving Intercessory Prayer. American Heart Journal 151 (2006): 934--942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2005.05.028; primary abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16569567/). Ch. 20 uses the reported trial's outcomes at their specific scope.
Bich, Leonardo. Organisational Teleology 2.0: Grounding Biological Purposiveness in Regulatory Control. Ratio 37 (2024): 327--340. https://doi.org/10.1111/rati.12405. Ch. 8 uses sections 4--6 on regulatory control and goal pursuit. See also Biological Organization (2024), Cambridge text (https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/biological-organization/8F618A9F6912A03B3A2AC8D6D754D53D).
Bird, Alexander. Nature's Metaphysics: Laws and Properties. Oxford University Press, 2007. https://academic.oup.com/book/8067. Ladyman, James, Don Ross, David Spurrett, and John Collier. Every Thing Must Go: Metaphysics Naturalized. Oxford University Press, 2007. https://academic.oup.com/book/8595. Ch. 6 uses the publishers' accounts to identify dispositional and ontic structural alternatives.
Blake, Christopher; Barber, Jake N.; Connallon, Tim; et al. “Evolutionary shift of a tipping point can precipitate, or forestall, collapse in a microbial community.” Nature Ecology & Evolution 8, no. 12 (2024): 2325-2335. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-024-02543-0. Ch. 35.
Blanton, Andrew. “Non-resistant non-belief is pervasive.” Religious Studies 62, no. 3 (2026): 547-567. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0034412525101261. Ch. 27.
Blomberg, Craig L. Degrees of Reward in the Kingdom of Heaven? Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 35, no.2 (1992): 159--172. Publisher text: https://etsjets.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/files_JETS-PDFs_35_35-2_JETS_35-2_159-172_Blomberg.pdf. Chapter 41 engages the objection to an everlasting hierarchy, especially 165--168, while defending particular faithful fruit and differentiated service within shared grace and fulfilled joy.
Blount, Zachary D.; Borland, Christina Z.; Lenski, Richard E. “Historical contingency and the evolution of a key innovation in an experimental population of Escherichia coli.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, no. 23 (2008): 7899-7906. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0803151105. Ch. 9.
Blowers, Paul M., and Robert Louis Wilken, trans. On the Cosmic Mystery of Jesus Christ: Selected Writings from St. Maximus the Confessor. Popular Patristics Series 25. Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 2003. See 46--61 for Ambiguum 7, translated by Wilken. Ch. 14.
Bohm, David. “A Suggested Interpretation of the Quantum Theory in Terms of "Hidden" Variables. I.” Physical Review 85, no. 2 (1952): 166-179. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrev.85.166. Ch. 6.
Boot, Walter R., Daniel J. Simons, Cary Stothart, and Cassie Stutts. The Pervasive Problem With Placebos in Psychology: Why Active Control Groups Are Not Sufficient to Rule Out Placebo Effects. Perspectives on Psychological Science 8 (2013): 445--454. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691613491271. Ch. 43 and Appendix D use the expectancy problem to strengthen the proposed active comparison.
Booth, Alan; Amato, Paul R. “Parental Predivorce Relations and Offspring Postdivorce Well‐Being.” Journal of Marriage and Family 63, no. 1 (2001): 197-212. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00197.x. Ch. 28.
Bourke, Andrew F. G. “Conflict and conflict resolution in the major transitions.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 290, no. 2008 (2023): 20231420. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2023.1420. Ch. 8.
Brady, William J.; McLoughlin, Killian; Doan, Tuan N.; et al. “How social learning amplifies moral outrage expression in online social networks.” Science Advances 7, no. 33 (2021): eabe5641. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abe5641. Ch. 16.
Brosnan, Sarah F.; de Waal, Frans B. M. “Monkeys reject unequal pay.” Nature 425, no. 6955 (2003): 297-299. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01963. Ch. 10, 14.
Brownson, James V. Jesus and Marriage. January 19, 2015. https://jimbrownson.wordpress.com/2015/01/19/jesus-and-marriage/. How to Read 1 Cor 11:14? June 15, 2016. https://jimbrownson.wordpress.com/2016/06/15/how-to-read-1-cor-1114/. Ch. 28 engages the divorce setting, enduring kinship, and the distinction between physiology and social convention.
Brownson, James V. Sex Without Bodies? November 26, 2013. https://jimbrownson.wordpress.com/2013/11/26/sex-without-bodies/. Ch. 28 uses the author’s account of embodied kinship alongside his Jesus and Marriage discussion and the book listed above.
Bruins, Hendrik J., and Johannes van der Plicht. “Tell Es-Sultan (Jericho): Radiocarbon Results of Short-Lived Cereal and Multiyear Charcoal Samples from the End of the Middle Bronze Age.” Radiocarbon 37, no. 2 (1995): 213--220. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200030666; author university copy, https://pure.rug.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/6807335/1995RadiocarbonBruins.pdf. Ch. 19 uses the authors' measurements and calibration for the specified destruction, keeping the site identification and wider settlement history as separate questions.
Brynjolfsson, Erik, Danielle Li, and Lindsey Raymond. Generative AI at Work. Quarterly Journal of Economics 140 (2025): 889--942. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjae044; author manuscript, https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.11771. Becker, Joel, et al. Measuring the Impact of Early-2025 AI on Experienced Open-Source Developer Productivity. arXiv:2507.09089 (2025). https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.09089. Ch. 36 compares the different tasks, participants and measured outcomes.
Burbidge, E. Margaret; Burbidge, G. R.; Fowler, William A.; et al. “Synthesis of the Elements in Stars.” Reviews of Modern Physics 29, no. 4 (1957): 547-650. https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.29.547. Ch. 7.
Burger, Ludwig; Gerland, Ulrich. “Toward stable replication of genomic information in pools of RNA molecules.” eLife 14 (2025): RP104043. https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.104043.3. Ch. 9.
Butlin, Patrick, et al. Identifying Indicators of Consciousness in AI Systems. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 30 (June 2026): 488--501; online November 10, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2025.10.011. Ch. 11 uses the primary abstract and accessible excerpts. Chandaria, Shamil, et al. From Cacophony to Hierarchy: A Principled Framework for Assessing AI Consciousness. arXiv:2609.35618v1 (2026). https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.35618. Ch. 11 engages sections 4--7 and 10.
Cai, Jing, et al. Mapping the Neuronal Building Blocks of Human Language with Language Models. Nature 656 (2026): 425--433. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10691-5. Ch. 12 distinguishes neuronal language representations from the interpersonal authority of a promise.
Campbell, Victoria. The Problem of Animal Pain. Cambridge University Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009270717. Ch. 35 uses section 2.6 on flourishing beyond a biological-capacity measure.
Cantlon, Jessica F; Brannon, Elizabeth M. “Basic Math in Monkeys and College Students.” PLoS Biology 5, no. 12 (2007): e328. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050328. Ch. 10.
Cantlon, Jessica F.; Piantadosi, Steven T.; Ferrigno, Stephen; et al. “The Origins of Counting Algorithms.” Psychological Science 26, no. 6 (2015): 853-865. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615572907. Ch. 5.
Carniani, Stefano; Hainline, Kevin; D'Eugenio, Francesco; et al. Spectroscopic Confirmation of Two Luminous Galaxies at a Redshift of 14. Nature 633, no. 8029 (2024): 318--322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07860-9. Ch. 7.
Carroll, Sean M. Why Boltzmann Brains Are Bad. arXiv:1702.00850 (2017). https://arxiv.org/abs/1702.00850. Ch. 7. Chapter 7 develops sections 5.2--5.3 and the conclusion on cognitive instability: an epistemic criticism of specified observer models whose weighting undermines the evidential history used to accept them.
Carter, Tim. A Tomb Fit for a Prophet: An Investigation into the Historical Plausibility of the Gospel Burial Accounts. Journal for the Study of the New Testament 48, no. 4 (2026): 903--934. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0142064X251406657. Ch. 21.
Castro-Silva, Davi; Bri\"et, Jop; Arunachalam, Srinivasan; Dutt, Arkopal; Gur, Tom. An Algorithmic Polynomial Freiman--Ruzsa Theorem. arXiv:2604.04547v1, submitted April 6, 2026. https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.04547. Ch. 5.
Chaitin, Gregory J. “On the Length of Programs for Computing Finite Binary Sequences.” Journal of the ACM 13, no. 4 (1966): 547-569. https://doi.org/10.1145/321356.321363. Ch. 5.
Chambers, Christopher D. Registered Reports: A New Publishing Initiative at Cortex. Cortex 49 (2013): 609--610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2012.12.016. Mellor, David T., and Brian A. Nosek. Easy Preregistration Will Benefit Any Research. Nature Human Behaviour 2 (2018): 98. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0294-7. Mayo, Deborah G. Statistical Inference as Severe Testing. Cambridge University Press, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781107286184. Ch. 43 specifies tests and adverse outcomes before observing a claimed DDF advantage. Registration itself guarantees neither a sound design nor a favorable result.
Chen, M. Keith; Risen, Jane L. “How choice affects and reflects preferences: Revisiting the free-choice paradigm.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 99, no. 4 (2010): 573-594. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020217. Ch. 10, 15.
Cho, Christy J.; et al. Protocells by Spontaneous Reaction of Cysteine with Short-Chain Thioesters. Nature Chemistry 17, no. 1 (2025): 148--155. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-024-01666-y. Ch. 9.
Chou, C. W.; Hume, D. B.; Rosenband, T.; et al. “Optical Clocks and Relativity.” Science 329, no. 5999 (2010): 1630-1633. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1192720. Ch. 6.
Chrysostom, John. Homilies on Hebrews, Homily IX, sections 5--8. https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/240209.htm. Ch. 40 compares his no-second-baptism reading of Hebrews 6 with readings concerning repentance and final judgment.
Chung, Claire; Verheijen, Bert M.; Navapanich, Zoe; et al. “Evolutionary conservation of the fidelity of transcription.” Nature Communications 14, no. 1 (2023): 1547. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36525-w. Ch. 8.
Clark, Darren J. “William Lane Craig on Penal Substitution and Annihilationism.” Part 1, “The Illusion of Explanatory Depth,” August 29, 2026, https://rethinkinghell.com/2026/08/29/william-lane-craig-on-penal-substitution-and-annihilationism-part-1-the-illusion-of-explanatory-depth/; Part 2, “On the Problem of Theological Integration,” September 10, 2026, https://rethinkinghell.com/2026/09/10/william-lane-craig-on-penal-substitution-and-annihilationism-part-2-on-the-problem-of-theological-integration/. The first replies to Craig's July formulation. Ch. 22 distinguishes this conditionalist reply from DDF's argument concerning satisfaction and from Craig's later September question.
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Constantinou, Eugenia Scarvelis. Andrew of Caesarea and the Apocalypse in the Ancient Church of the East: Studies and Translation. Doctoral dissertation, Universit\'e Laval, 2008. Official record: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19560. Chapter 40 consults Part 2, 209--210 and 214--215, for Andrew's direct lake interpretation, and Part 1, 231--233, for the quoted voluntary-corruption and future-aid objection. The research dossier records access through a full-text mirror and the uncollated critical Greek.
Cook, John Granger. Resurrection in Paganism and the Question of an Empty Tomb in 1 Corinthians 15. New Testament Studies 63, no.1 (2017): 56--75. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002868851600028X. Chapter 21 uses the bodily meaning of Paul's claim, distinguished from a historical demonstration of the tomb's condition.
Copan, Paul, and Matthew Flannagan. Did God Really Command Genocide? Coming to Terms with the Justice of God. Baker Books, 2014, chapters 8--9. Authors' interview (https://www.biblegateway.com/blog/2015/01/did-god-really-command-genocide-an-interview-with-drs-paul-copan-matthew-flannagan/), January 20, 2015. Ch. 19 compares command and fulfillment language, campaign scope, and the account of exceptional divine authorization.
“Correction to ‘Deep sequencing of non-enzymatic RNA primer extension’.” Nucleic Acids Research 50, no. 12 (2022): 7199-7199. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkac561. Ch. 9.
Council of Trent. Session IV, decree concerning the canonical Scriptures, April 8, 1546. https://www.papalencyclicals.net/councils/trent/fourth-session.htm. Orthodox Church in America. The Councils. https://www.oca.org/orthodoxy/the-orthodox-faith/doctrine-scripture/sources-of-christian-doctrine/the-councils. Ch. 24 compares these authority claims with the scriptural norm and its reception.
Council of Trent. Session V, decree concerning original sin, June 17, 1546, 2--5. https://www.papalencyclicals.net/councils/trent/fifth-session.htm. Ch. 17 compares received deprivation and descendants' personal fault with inherited sin, its guilt, and baptismal remission.
Council of Trent. Session VI, decree concerning justification, January 13, 1547, chapters VII--VIII and canon 11. https://www.papalencyclicals.net/councils/trent/sixth-session.htm. Ch. 23 distinguishes Christ's meritorious cause from inward righteousness as formal cause and preserves the disagreement with a forensic account.
Craig, William Lane. “Atonement and Just Desert.” Reasonable Faith, September 28, 2026. https://www.reasonablefaith.org/writings/question-answer/atonement-and-just-desert/. Ch. 22 answers the strict equivalence premise in his objection to annihilationism.
Craig, William Lane. “Annihilation and Atonement.” Reasonable Faith, July 6, 2026. https://www.reasonablefaith.org/writings/question-answer/annihilation-and-atonement. This is the earlier formulation addressed by Clark's August reply, distinguished in Ch. 22 from Craig's September follow-up.
Craig, William Lane. John Dominic Crossan on the Resurrection of Jesus. In Stephen T. Davis, Daniel Kendall, and Gerald O'Collins, eds., The Resurrection: An Interdisciplinary Symposium on the Resurrection of Jesus, 249--286. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/0198269854.003.0010. Ch. 21.
Craig, William Lane. “The Applicability of Mathematics.” Author paper, pp. 4–9. https://www.reasonablefaith.org/images/uploads/04-nattheo-14_2.pdf. Ch. 5 develops the argument concerning physical realization through rational creative action; it does not infer Christianity from a mathematical theorem.
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Cuciniello, Rebecca Riccardo. What Teleology (if Any) Does the Organisational Approach Naturalise? History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 48 (2026): article 24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-026-00731-8. Ch. 8 uses sections 4--6 on development, changing goals and organismic identity.
Davidson, Matthew J.; Aiyer, Sriraj; Yeung, Nick. An Automatic Domain-General Error Signal Is Shared across Tasks and Predicts Confidence in Different Sensory Modalities. eNeuro 12, no. 6 (2025): ENEURO.0124--25.2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0124-25.2025. Ch. 10.
DDF classification feasibility experiment, October 10, 2026. Companion code, split hashes, per-seed results, summaries, and costs are in ddf-repair-feasibility-companion.zip, attached to the reading PDF and distributed beside it; the archive's internal name is ddf-repair-feasibility-2026-10-10. Ch. 43 reports the synthetic run as local original work. Competent baselines already succeed; no DDF investigator advantage, real deployed-fault diagnosis, or theological validation is established.
De La Noval, Roberto J., and Matthew Z. Vale. Free willing in God: A metaphor, not analogy, for divine creating. Religious Studies, published online September 4, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034412526101760. Full open-access text consulted (https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/religious-studies/article/free-willing-in-god-a-metaphor-not-analogy-for-divine-creating/67822834F1B4F9CA9B4183F3AE4DAAEC). Ch. 4 addresses the objection that finite choice's defining rationale cannot be transferred unchanged to a complete and simple God. DDF retains intentional agency while distinguishing creaturely participation from an end that perfects or moves God.
Dear, Joseph. A Primer on Revelation 20:10. December 30, 2015. https://rethinkinghell.com/2015/12/30/a-primer-on-revelation-2010/. Chapter 40 uses this primary conditionalist argument for interpreting pictured torment through its referents, with the beast and Death as internal controls. Its conclusion is destruction, not the restorative inference defended here.
Descartes, René. Meditations on First Philosophy. 1641. Meditation VI, on the real distinction of mind and body and their intimate union. Chs. 10, 13, and 38.
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Dobrzeniecki, Marek. “The Hidden God, Second-Person Knowledge, and the Incarnation.” Religions 12, no. 8 (2021): 559. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12080559; https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/12/8/559. Ch. 27 develops a bounded argument concerning personal presence through assumed human life. It retains Schellenberg's challenge about the additional good of explicit recognition rather than claiming that unnoticed contact settles every deprivation.
Draper, Paul. Pain and Pleasure: An Evidential Problem for Theists. No\^us 23 (1989): 331--350. https://doi.org/10.2307/2215486. Chs. 9 and 26 engage sections I--II on biological usefulness and indifference; Ch. 9 also engages section IV.
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Duzdevich, Daniel; Carr, Christopher E; Szostak, Jack W. “Deep sequencing of non-enzymatic RNA primer extension.” Nucleic Acids Research 48, no. 12 (2020): e70-e70. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaa400. Ch. 9.
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Echavarr\'ia, Agust\'in. Aquinas on Providence, Control, and Divine Simplicity: The Providential Collapse of the Providential Collapse Argument. TheoLogica 9, no. 2 (2025): 67--88. https://doi.org/10.14428/thl.v9i2.88923. Full author text consulted (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/399256515_Aquinas_on_Providence_Control_and_Divine_Simplicity_The_Providential_Collapse_of_the_Providential_Collapse_Argument). Ch. 4 uses the distinction between fundamental ends and contingent means, retaining the paper's limits concerning creation and specifically secured saving acts.
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Enns, Peter. On Creation and Killing Canaanites. April 28, 2013. https://www.patheos.com/blogs/peterenns/2013/04/on-creation-and-killing-canaanites-one-simple-hardly-worth-mentioning-but-i-feel-that-i-should-thought/. Boyd, Gregory A. Four Principles of the Cruciform Thesis and Two Questions to Unlock Violent Divine Portraits. July 2017. https://reknew.org/2017/07/four-principles-cruciform-thesis/; https://reknew.org/2017/07/two-questions-unlock-violent-divine-portraits/. Ch. 19 engages the authors' accounts of accommodation and cruciform interpretation.
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Finkelstein, Amy, Annetta Zhou, Sarah Taubman, and Joseph Doyle. “Health Care Hotspotting: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.” New England Journal of Medicine 382, no. 2 (2020): 152--162. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa1906848. Primary abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31914242/. Ch. 43 uses the 180-day readmission comparison separately from a later analysis of ambulatory access.
Finkelstein, Amy, Joel C. Cantor, Jesse Gubb, Margaret Koller, Aaron Truchil, Ruohua Annetta Zhou, and Joseph Doyle. “The Camden Coalition Care Management Program Improved Intermediate Care Coordination: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Health Affairs 43, no. 1 (2024): 131--139. Corrected publisher text: https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2023.01151. See Exhibit 2 and the October 7, 2024 erratum, Health Affairs 43, no. 10 (2024): 1479, https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2024.01173. Ch. 43 distinguishes increased ambulatory visits from the readmission endpoint.
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Nurk, Sergey; Koren, Sergey; Rhie, Arang; et al. “The complete sequence of a human genome.” Science 376, no. 6588 (2022): 44-53. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abj6987. Ch. 8.
Olson, Eric T. An Argument for Animalism. In Personal Identity, edited by Raymond Martin and John Barresi, 318--334. Blackwell, 2003. https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/734/. Ch. 13 engages the thinking-animal argument alongside the other accounts of the embodied bearer.
Oord, Thomas Jay. The Uncontrolling Love of God: An Open and Relational Account of Providence. InterVarsity Press, 2015, chapter 7, pp. 167--184, and postscript, pp. 217--220. Author extracts (https://thomasjayoord.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/oord-sampler-digital-ver3.pdf); postscript (https://thomasjayoord.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Postscript-to-Uncontrolling-Love-of-God.pdf). Chs. 4 and 26 compare essential kenosis, miracles and metaphysical coercion with the account of the Creator's sustaining action.
OpenAI. A Two-Dimensional Area Law from a Global Spectral Gap and Polynomial PEPS Approximation of Gapped Square-Grid Ground States. September 24, 2026. Family 265: area-law manuscript (https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/preprints/A-two-dimensional-area-law-from-a-global-spectral-gap-September-24-2026/paper.pdf); PEPS companion (https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/preprints/Polynomial-PEPS-approximation-of-gapped-square-grid-ground-states-September-24-2026/paper.pdf). Ch. 6 retains finite local dimension and range, bounded interactions, a unique full-system ground vector, and a positive full-system gap. The entropy bound counts lattice edges across the boundary. No gap for restricted subregions is assumed. The original-grid PEPS approximation is existential, with polynomial bond dimension and stated normalized global-vector error up to phase; it supplies no efficient construction or contraction algorithm. These preprints support the specified boundary and joint-state account.
OpenAI. An Isomorphism of the Free Group Factors. September 23, 2026. Family 287: manuscript (https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/preprints/An-isomorphism-of-the-free-group-factors-September-23-2026/An-isomorphism-of-the-free-group-factors-September-23-2026.pdf); formalization scope (https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/lean/docs/287.md). Ch. 5 distinguishes the selected trace-preserving factor-isomorphism theorem from the generating-tuple entropy-dimension corollary; Ch. 11 uses the constructive research account and identifies the selected isomorphism target. Each named dimension takes unbounded integer values on suitable generating tuples; the microstates and nonmicrostates witnesses need not be the same tuple.
OpenAI. Choiceless Polynomial Time with Counting Does Not Capture Polynomial Time. September 23, 2026. Family 243: manuscript (https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/preprints/Choiceless-polynomial-time-with-counting-does-not-capture-polynomial-time-September-23-2026/paper.pdf); formalization scope (https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/lean/docs/243.md). Ch. 5 uses an isomorphism-invariant polynomial-time query unavailable to the stated counting formalism. Ordered Gaussian elimination and stronger order-free rank or solvability operations provide different routes to the same answer. The result concerns resources and expressiveness, rather than metaphysical free will or the set-theoretic Axiom of Choice.
OpenAI. Global Quantum Geometric Langlands at Irrational Level. October 4, 2026. Family 069: manuscript (https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/preprints/Global-quantum-geometric-Langlands-at-irrational-level-October-4-2026/quantum-langlands.pdf). Ch. 5 uses the claimed coherence across moving points, collisions, products, coordinate changes, and global assembly. This unformalized preprint is given less weight than the selected formalized examples. Its mathematical use of quantum does not establish a physical ontology.
OpenAI. Comparator checking instructions (https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/lean/ComparatorChallenges/README.md) and revision history (https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/history.md), pinned October 2026 collection. Ch. 11 and Appendix A distinguish exact targets, solution modules, allowed axioms, and kernel replay. Challenge-statement placeholders are not solution proofs. The history records withdrawals and dependent corrections; those withdrawn results supply no support in this edition.
OpenAI. Memory and Precision in Noiseless Gaussian Regression. September 27, 2026. Family 140: manuscript (https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/preprints/Memory-and-precision-in-noiseless-Gaussian-regression-September-27-2026/paper.pdf); selected theorems and supporting results (https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/lean/docs/140.md). Chs. 5 and 11 use the distinction between exact observations and retained usable precision in the specified one-pass finite-memory learner. The theorem retains its dimension, memory, angular-error, probability, and output hypotheses.
OpenAI. Rigidity of the Turing Degrees. September 24, 2026. Family 241: manuscript (https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/preprints/Rigidity-of-the-Turing-degrees-September-24-2026/paper.pdf); formalization scope (https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/lean/docs/241.md). Ch. 5 uses rigidity of the full relative-computability order. Order elements are Turing-degree equivalence classes; rigidity neither supplies personal numerical identity nor entails an efficient recognition procedure for every degree.
OpenAI. Sharing AI Progress in Mathematics. October 6, 2026. https://openai.com/index/sharing-ai-progress-in-mathematics/. The accompanying OpenAI Math collection (https://github.com/openai/math/tree/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb) is cited at commit fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb, checked October 10. It contains 719 manuscripts in 372 families at differing verification stages. The release reports roughly 42% of top-line results formalized. The family entries specify the results used. Formalization scope is reported from the public records; no independent Lean or Comparator replay is included.
OpenAI. Spontaneous Magnetization in the Quantum Heisenberg Ferromagnet. September 24, 2026. Family 271: manuscript (https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/preprints/Spontaneous-magnetization-in-the-quantum-Heisenberg-ferromagnet-September-24-2026/paper.pdf); formalization scope (https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/lean/docs/271.md). Ch. 7 presents the selected low-temperature nearest-neighbor result in dimensions at least three, constructing a translation-invariant zero-field equilibrium state with magnetization at least S/4. Ch. 11 links the related abridged research summary. State selection and thermodynamic limits belong to its content.
OpenAI. The Bogomolov-Pop Reconstruction Theorem. September 23, 2026. Family 009: manuscript (https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/preprints/The-Bogomolov-Pop-reconstruction-theorem-September-23-2026/paper.pdf); formalization scope (https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/lean/docs/009.md). Ch. 5 uses recovery from Galois relations up to the stated scalar and Frobenius ambiguities. The selected formal theorem proves uniqueness assuming compatible realizations; arbitrary reverse existence is outside that selection.
OpenAI. The Entropy Photon-Number Inequality. September 24, 2026. Family 273: manuscript (https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/preprints/The-entropy-photon-number-inequality-September-24-2026/paper.pdf); formalization scope (https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/lean/docs/273.md). Ch. 6 uses the collective bound for independent input ports under passive beam-splitter mixing, with arbitrary internal entanglement and finite energy. Entropy photon number is an entropy-equivalent thermal coordinate, not a literal photon count of every state. The channel-capacity consequences are outside the selected theorem.
OpenAI. The M\'ezard-Parisi Formula for Diluted Spin Glasses. September 23, 2026. Family 221: manuscript (https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/preprints/The-Mezard-Parisi-formula-for-diluted-spin-glasses-September-23-2026/paper.pdf); formalization scope (https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/lean/docs/221.md). The selected theorem retains the even-arity interaction class and its factorization, independence, integrability, and positivity assumptions. The pressure is an infimum over finite hierarchy depths and trial laws; it does not assert attainment at one finite depth or ultrametric organization of the physical Gibbs states. Ch. 11 links the abridged research summary as a related process source.
OpenAI. Uniform Quasipolynomial-Time Trace Reconstruction. October 5, 2026. Family 122: reconstruction manuscript (https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/preprints/Uniform-quasipolynomial-time-trace-reconstruction-October-5-2026/uniform-trace-reconstruction.pdf); lower-bound companion (https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/preprints/quantitative-lower-bounds-for-trace-reconstruction-September-24-2026/paper.pdf). Ch. 17 uses the loss of positional relations in observations of a fixed source. Epistemic recovery of a source word differs from repair or resurrection of a person.
OpenAI. Witnessed Symmetric Choice Is Strictly Stronger than Choiceless Polynomial Time with Counting. September 24, 2026. Family 243 companion: manuscript (https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/preprints/Witnessed-symmetric-choice-is-strictly-stronger-than-choiceless-polynomial-time-with-counting-September-24-2026/paper.pdf); formalization scope (https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/lean/docs/243.md). Ch. 5 uses the separate witnessed-choice target and its full-input symmetry conditions to distinguish particular computational routes from an invariant answer. Ch. 11 refers back to this distinction when analyzing functional understanding.
OpenAI. Abridged reasoning summaries for free-group-factor isomorphism (https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/reasoning_traces/free-group-factor-isomorphism.pdf), the diluted-spin-glass formula (https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/reasoning_traces/mezard-parisi-formula.pdf), and quantum spontaneous magnetization (https://github.com/openai/math/blob/fd4aeeb2ee4fc729c18d98444fed42fd0529eeeb/reasoning_traces/spontaneous-magnetization-quantum-heisenberg-ferromagnet.pdf). Released with the October 2026 collection. Ch. 11 uses these summaries as reported evidence of strategy comparison, fault detection, representation change, and construction, rather than as full process transcripts or evidence settling experience.
Oppy, Graham. The Best Argument against God. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Ch. 42 cites his reply to the simplicity argument for theism.
Oppy, Graham. The Shape of Causal Reality: A Naturalistic Adaptation of O’Connor’s Cosmological Argument. Philosophia Christi 12, no. 2 (2010): 281--288. https://doi.org/10.5840/pc201012227. Ch. 42 uses the publicly indexed opening to identify the necessary-natural-source rival.
Oppy, Graham. Review of Timothy O'Connor, Theism and Ultimate Explanation: The Necessary Shape of Contingency. Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews, 2008, review 2008.06.32. https://ndpr.nd.edu/reviews/theism-and-ultimate-explanation-the-necessary-shape-of-contingency/. Chs. 4 and 42 address the review's control, production and noncontrastive-explanation objections.
O'Regan, J. Kevin; Noë, Alva. “A sensorimotor account of vision and visual consciousness.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24, no. 5 (2001): 939-973. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x01000115. Ch. 10.
Ostrom, Elinor. Beyond Markets and States: Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems. American Economic Review 100 (2010): 641--672. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.100.3.641; primary text (https://web.pdx.edu/~nwallace/EHP/OstromPolyGov.pdf). Ch. 32 uses pp. 641--644 on coordinated authority at different scales; Ch. 31 uses section VI.A on the Nepal irrigation comparison.
Oswalt, John N. The Book of Isaiah, Chapters 40--66. New International Commentary on the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1998. Ch. 26 uses the comment on Isaiah 45:7.
Otto, Jennifer. ““We Slay Demons”: Moral Progress and Origen's Pacifism.” Church History 92, no. 2 (2023): 251-268. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0009640723001385. Ch. 19.
Palmer, Edward T. Why Is John's Apocalypse So Bloody? John's Use and Subversion of Combat Myths in Revelation 19:11--20:10. Tyndale Bulletin 74 (2023): 143--159. https://doi.org/10.53751/001c.88890; publisher text: https://www.tyndalebulletin.org/article/88890.pdf. Chapter 40 uses especially 149--156 for the final securing of the Lamb's order and transformed combat imagery, while recognizing Palmer's retained exclusion of persistent rebels.
Pannenberg, Wolfhart. Jesus: God and Man. Translated by Lewis L. Wilkins and Duane A. Priebe. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1968. See chapter 3. Ch. 21 uses his argument from the resurrection as vindication of Jesus' implicit claims.
Pargament, Kenneth I.; Koenig, Harold G.; Tarakeshwar, Nalini; et al. “Religious Coping Methods as Predictors of Psychological, Physical and Spiritual Outcomes among Medically Ill Elderly Patients: A Two-year Longitudinal Study.” Journal of Health Psychology 9, no. 6 (2004): 713-730. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105304045366. Ch. 37.
Park, Crystal L., Donald Edmondson, Juliane R. Fenster, and Thomas O. Blank. Meaning Making and Psychological Adjustment Following Cancer: The Mediating Roles of Growth, Life Meaning, and Restored Just-World Beliefs. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 76 (2008): 863--875. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013348; primary abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18837603/). Ch. 43 and Appendix D distinguish this observational evidence from the proposed comparative workflow test.
Pasek, Michael H.; Kelly, John Michael; Shackleford, Crystal; et al. “Thinking About God Encourages Prosociality Toward Religious Outgroups: A Cross-Cultural Investigation.” Psychological Science 34, no. 6 (2023): 657-669. https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976231158576. Ch. 12.
Patel, Bhavesh H.; Percivalle, Claudia; Ritson, Dougal J.; et al. “Common origins of RNA, protein and lipid precursors in a cyanosulfidic protometabolism.” Nature Chemistry 7, no. 4 (2015): 301-307. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2202. Ch. 9.
Pech, G. P., et al. A Multi-Measurement Study of the Relation between Deliberation and Volition. Neuroscience of Consciousness (2025): niaf023. https://doi.org/10.1093/nc/niaf023. Ch. 15 compares task-dependent readiness-potential findings with the earlier Maoz study.
Penrose, Roger. The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and the Laws of Physics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989. See chapter 7 for the estimate of the phase-space volume of the initial state. Ch. 7.
Pereboom, Derk. “Defending Hard Incompatibilism.” Midwest Studies in Philosophy 29, no. 1 (2005): 228-247. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4975.2005.00114.x. Ch. 15.
Pereboom, Derk, and Michael McKenna. “Manipulation Arguments against Compatibilism.” Penultimate author manuscript for The Oxford Handbook of Moral Responsibility, edited by Dana Kay Nelkin and Derk Pereboom. https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/blogs.cornell.edu/dist/9/9616/files/2021/04/Penult.-Pereboom-McKenna-June-Manipulation-Arguments19.pdf. Ch. 15 engages the manipulation argument and hard-line and soft-line compatibilist responses.
Pettit, Philip. Responsibility Incorporated. Ethics 117 (2007): 171--201. https://doi.org/10.1086/510695. Ch. 16 compares organizational agency and responsibility with differentiated human participation.
Pew Research Center. “Around the World, Many People Are Leaving Their Childhood Religions.” (2025). https://doi.org/10.58094/xt5h-b241. Ch. 12.
Pew Research Center. “Decline of Christianity in the U.S. Has Slowed, May Have Leveled Off.” (2025). https://doi.org/10.58094/4kqq-3112. Ch. 12.
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Philo of Alexandria. Special Laws II.69, 123. Public translation: https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/yonge/book28.html. Chapter 31 compares natural freedom with Philo's defense of foreign slave property and indispensable service, then tests the latter against his own Essene account.
Philo of Alexandria. Who Is the Heir of Divine Things?, 203--206. Yonge translation: https://earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book17.html. Greek text of Paul Wendland's 1898 edition: https://patrologia-lib.ru/hebraica/philo/heressit.htm. Chapter 21 compares mediating Logos language and continuing care for the maker's work without treating boundary imagery as a settled third ontological class.
Plantinga, Alvin. Warranted Christian Belief. Oxford University Press, 2000, ch. 7, IV.B. Public excerpt, “An Evolutionary Argument Against Naturalism”: https://wmit-pages-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/283/2022/06/16130225/plantingaeaan.pdf. Ch. 5 uses the narrower argument concerning intended truth-directed functioning and retains the problem of epistemic circularity; it does not adopt the excerpt's complete argument against naturalism.
Pouderon, Bernard. Apologetica. Encore sur l'authenticité du De Resurrectione d'Athénagore. Revue des Sciences Religieuses 67, no. 3 (1993): 23--40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/rscir.1993.3233. Ch. 38.
Prat, Ferdinand. Origen and Origenism. In The Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11306b.htm. Consulted October 19, 2026. Ch. 40 uses its account of the synod of 543, the edict's reception by the patriarchs and Pope Vigilius, and the extra-conciliar subscription of the fifteen anathemas.
Project Numina. Kakeya in Dimension Three. Revision a26427e3c2fcaf9f98694fbd0d4dd49e41dcf5e3. Proof path (https://github.com/project-numina/kakeya-3d/blob/a26427e3c2fcaf9f98694fbd0d4dd49e41dcf5e3/PROOF-PATH.md); unconditional target (https://github.com/project-numina/kakeya-3d/blob/a26427e3c2fcaf9f98694fbd0d4dd49e41dcf5e3/Unconditional/KakeyaConjecture.lean). Ch. 5 follows the compact-set Hausdorff-dimension theorem and its linking library to the separately formalized sticky estimate.
Putnam, Hilary. The Nature of Mental States. Originally Psychological Predicates (1967). In Mind, Language and Reality: Philosophical Papers, vol. 2, 429--440. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975. Public text: https://home.csulb.edu/~cwallis/382/readings/482/putnam.nature.mental.states.pdf. Ch. 10.
Rahnev, Dobromir. A Comprehensive Assessment of Current Methods for Measuring Metacognition. Nature Communications 16, no. 1 (2025): 701. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-56117-0. Ch. 10 distinguishes performance dependence, precision with additional trials, split-half reliability, and the generally poor test--retest result.
Rahnev, Dobromir. “A robust confidence–accuracy dissociation via criterion attraction.” Neuroscience of Consciousness 2021, no. 1 (2021): niab039. https://doi.org/10.1093/nc/niab039. Ch. 10.
Rai, Tage S.; Valdesolo, Piercarlo; Graham, Jesse. “Dehumanization increases instrumental violence, but not moral violence.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 32 (2017): 8511-8516. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1705238114. Ch. 14, 16.
Ramban (Moses ben Nahman). Commentary on Leviticus 19:2:2, https://www.sefaria.org/Ramban_on_Leviticus.19.2.2; on Deuteronomy 6:18:1, https://www.sefaria.org/Ramban_on_Deuteronomy.6.18.1. Chapter 31 uses the general demand of holiness and right conduct beyond enumerated permissions. These comments do not themselves rule against slavery or prescribe general emancipation.
Ramsay, Douglas S.; Woods, Stephen C. “Clarifying the roles of homeostasis and allostasis in physiological regulation.” Psychological Review 121, no. 2 (2014): 225-247. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035942. Ch. 8.
Rao, Rajesh P. N.; Ballard, Dana H. “Predictive coding in the visual cortex: a functional interpretation of some extra-classical receptive-field effects.” Nature Neuroscience 2, no. 1 (1999): 79-87. https://doi.org/10.1038/4580. Ch. 10.
Raposa, Elizabeth B.; Rhodes, Jean; Stams, Geert Jan J. M.; et al. “The Effects of Youth Mentoring Programs: A Meta-analysis of Outcome Studies.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 48, no. 3 (2019): 423-443. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-00982-8. Ch. 29.
Rhie, Arang; Nurk, Sergey; Cechova, Monika; et al. “The complete sequence of a human Y chromosome.” Nature 621, no. 7978 (2023): 344-354. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06457-y. Ch. 8.
Richter, Daniel; Grün, Rainer; Joannes-Boyau, Renaud; et al. “The age of the hominin fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, and the origins of the Middle Stone Age.” Nature 546, no. 7657 (2017): 293-296. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22335. Ch. 9.
Ritov, Oded; Völter, Christoph J.; Raihani, Nichola J.; et al. “No evidence for inequity aversion in non-human animals: a meta-analysis of accept/reject paradigms.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 291, no. 2035 (2024): 20241452. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2024.1452. Ch. 10, 14.
Rodnina, Marina V.; Wintermeyer, Wolfgang. “Fidelity of Aminoacyl-tRNA Selection on the Ribosome: Kinetic and Structural Mechanisms.” Annual Review of Biochemistry 70, no. 1 (2001): 415-435. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.70.1.415. Ch. 8.
Roediger, Henry L.; Karpicke, Jeffrey D. “Test-Enhanced Learning.” Psychological Science 17, no. 3 (2006): 249-255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x. Ch. 29.
Rollens, Sarah E. The God Came to Me in a Dream: Epiphanies in Voluntary Associations as a Context for Paul's Vision of Christ. Harvard Theological Review 111, no.1 (2018): 41--65. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0017816017000384. Chapter 21 uses the epigraphic context of commissioning dreams; the study brackets the actual cause of Paul's experience.
Romera-Paredes, Bernardino; Barekatain, Mohammadamin; Novikov, Alexander; et al. Mathematical Discoveries from Program Search with Large Language Models. Nature 625, no. 7995 (2024): 468--475. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06924-6. Chs. 5 and 11.
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Rubin, Donald B. Estimating Causal Effects of Treatments in Randomized and Nonrandomized Studies. Journal of Educational Psychology 66 (1974): 688--701. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0037350. Hern\'an, Miguel A., and James M. Robins. Causal Inference: What If. Public book text (https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/miguel-hernan/wp-content/uploads/sites/1268/2024/04/hernanrobins_WhatIf_26apr24.pdf). Ch. 43 and Appendix D use assignment, estimands, follow-up, and causal contrasts to specify a proposed workflow comparison, not a completed causal estimate.
Rubio Gomez, Miguel Angel; Ibba, Michael. “Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.” RNA 26, no. 8 (2020): 910-936. https://doi.org/10.1261/rna.071720.119. Ch. 8.
Runjajić, Marko; Garfinkel, Yosef; Hasel, Michael G.; et al. “Fire at the gate of Hazor: A micro-geoarchaeological study of the depositional history of a Bronze Age City gate.” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 49 (2023): 103914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2023.103914. Ch. 19.
Sagawa, Shiori; Koh, Pang Wei; Hashimoto, Tatsunori B.; Liang, Percy. Distributionally Robust Neural Networks for Group Shifts: On the Importance of Regularization for Worst-Case Generalization. arXiv:1911.08731v2, revised April 2, 2020. https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.08731. Ch. 43.
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Sands, Amy; Thompson, Ellen J.; Gaysina, Darya. “Long-term influences of parental divorce on offspring affective disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.” Journal of Affective Disorders 218 (2017): 105-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.015. Ch. 28.
Santana-Molina, Carlos; Williams, Tom A.; Snel, Berend; Spang, Anja. Chimeric Origins and Dynamic Evolution of Central Carbon Metabolism in Eukaryotes. Nature Ecology & Evolution 9, no. 4 (2025): 613--627. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-025-02648-0. Ch. 8.
Scanlon, T. M. Varieties of Responsibility. Boston University Law Review 90 (2010): 603--610. https://www.bu.edu/law/journals-archive/bulr/documents/scanlon.pdf. Ch. 15 uses pp. 603--605 and 608--610 on distinct forms of responsibility and relational blame.
Schellenberg, J. L. Divine Hiddenness: Part 1 (Recent Work on the Hiddenness Argument). Philosophy Compass 12, no. 4 (2017): e12355. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/phc3.12355. Author preprint: https://www.jlschellenberg.com/uploads/8/5/6/1/8561683/divine_hiddenness--part_1.pdf. Ch. 27.
Schmidt, T. C. James the Brother of Jesus: Antiquities 20.200. In Josephus and Jesus: New Evidence for the One Called Christ, 231--248. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/9780191957697.005.0002. Ch. 21.
Schnell, Alexandra K.; Browning, Heather; Crump, Andrew; et al. “Sentience in cephalopod molluscs: an updated assessment.” Biological Reviews 101, no. 3 (2026): 1311-1333. https://doi.org/10.1002/brv.70125. Chs. 9 and 35 use its taxon-specific evidence grades and criterion 8's missing-control analysis, preserving the distinction between sparse evidence and evidence of absent sentience.
Schopenhauer, Arthur. On the Sufferings of the World. In Studies in Pessimism, translated by T. Bailey Saunders, 1913. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Studies_in_Pessimism/On_the_Sufferings_of_the_World. Fox, Joshua Isaac. Does Schopenhauer Accept Any Positive Pleasures? European Journal of Philosophy 31 (2023): 902--913. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejop.12830. Ch. 20 engages the negative account of pleasure without treating enjoyment alone as its refutation.
Seals, Zachary, and John Bush. Redeemed from Death: Atonement, Incarnation, and the Fate of the Damned. McMaster Journal of Theology and Ministry 20 (2018--2019): 147--183. https://mcmasterdivinity.ca/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/20.MJTM_.147-83-Seals-and-Bush.pdf. Chapter 40 consults especially 168--174 and 176--177 as an integrated endless-punishment countermodel joining universal bodily resurrection, cosmic reconciliation, Death's abolition, and continuing punitive alienation.
Searle, John R. “Consciousness.” Annual Review of Neuroscience 23, no. 1 (2000): 557-578. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.557. Ch. 10.
Second Vatican Council. Lumen Gentium. November 21, 1964. See 18--25 on the episcopate and the teaching office. https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html. Ch. 24.
Sender, Ron; Milo, Ron. “The distribution of cellular turnover in the human body.” Nature Medicine 27, no. 1 (2021): 45-48. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-01182-9. Ch. 8.
Setiya, Kieran. Anscombe on Practical Knowledge. In Practical Knowledge: Selected Essays, 156--168. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190462925.003.0007. Author book PDF: https://www.ksetiya.net/uploads/2/4/5/2/24528408/anscombe.pdf. Ch. 3.
Sharot, Tali; Velasquez, Cristina M.; Dolan, Raymond J. “Do Decisions Shape Preference?” Psychological Science 21, no. 9 (2010): 1231-1235. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610379235. Ch. 10, 15.
Sinha, Tanmay, and Manu Kapur. When Problem Solving Followed by Instruction Works: Evidence for Productive Failure. Review of Educational Research 91 (2021): 761--798. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543211019105. Ch. 29 uses the conditions of successful sequencing rather than a universal discovery-learning rule.
Skordis, Constantinos, and Tom Złośnik. New Relativistic Theory for Modified Newtonian Dynamics. Physical Review Letters 127 (2021): 161302. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.161302. Ch. 7 compares the introduction, phenomenological requirements and discussion with its working cosmological reconstruction.
Smith, Mark S. “El, Yahweh, and the Original God of Israel and the Exodus.” The Origins of Biblical Monotheism (2001): 135-148. https://doi.org/10.1093/019513480x.003.0008. Ch. 18.
Stein, Jonas; Keuschnigg, Marc; van de Rijt, Arnout. “Network segregation and the propagation of misinformation.” Scientific Reports 13, no. 1 (2023): 917. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-26913-5. Ch. 16.
Steinberg, Laurence. “Risk Taking in Adolescence.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 16, no. 2 (2007): 55-59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00475.x. Ch. 10, 29.
Sterling, Peter. “Allostasis: A model of predictive regulation.” Physiology & Behavior 106, no. 1 (2012): 5-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.06.004. Ch. 8.
Stolz, Jörg; de Graaf, Nan Dirk; Hackett, Conrad; et al. “The three stages of religious decline around the world.” Nature Communications 16, no. 1 (2025): 7202. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-62452-z. Ch. 12.
Stone, Caleb; Mattingley, Jason B.; Evans, Nathan J.; Rangelov, Dragan. Cognitive Training Increases Sensitivity to Internal Uncertainty during Decision-Making. Journal of Neurophysiology 136, no. 2 (2026): 664--678. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00545.2025. Ch. 10.
Stone, Caleb; Mattingley, Jason B.; Rangelov, Dragan. Neural Mechanisms of Metacognitive Improvement under Speed Pressure. Communications Biology 8, no. 1 (2025): 223. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-025-07646-3. Ch. 10.
Storz, Simon; Sch\"ar, Josua; Kulikov, Anatoly; et al. Loophole-Free Bell Inequality Violation with Superconducting Circuits. Nature 617, no. 7960 (2023): 265--270. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-05885-0. Ch. 6.
Strawson, Galen. Realistic Monism: Why Physicalism Entails Panpsychism. Journal of Consciousness Studies 13, nos. 10--11 (2006): 3--31. Reprinted text: https://consc.net/event/reef/strawsonmonism.pdf. Ch. 10 engages §§3--6.
Street, Sharon. A Darwinian Dilemma for Realist Theories of Value. Philosophical Studies 127, no. 1 (2006): 109--166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-005-1726-6. Author text: https://sites.pitt.edu/~mthompso/readings/street.pdf. Ch. 14.
Stump, Annika; Voss, Andreas; Rummel, Jan. “The illusory certainty: Information repetition and impressions of truth enhance subjective confidence in validity judgments independently of the factual truth.” Psychological Research 88, no. 4 (2024): 1288-1297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-024-01956-7. Ch. 16.
Stump, Eleonore. “Theology and the Knowledge of Persons.” Roczniki Filozoficzne 69, no. 3 (2021): 9–27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18290/rf21693-1. Public university text: https://repozytorium.kul.pl/bitstreams/2ffa9ef6-09b1-4248-a2f7-d3c9953fa825/download. Originally published in Fiona Ellis, ed., New Models of Religious Understanding (2017), 172–190. Ch. 27 uses the argument about personal knowledge, mistaken identification, and narrative transmission.
Stump, Eleonore. Wandering in Darkness: Further Reflections. European Journal for Philosophy of Religion 4, no. 3 (2012): 197--219. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24204/ejpr.v4i3.285. Full author text: https://www.philosophy-of-religion.eu/menuscript/index.php/ejpr/article/download/285/256/387. Chs. 26 and 39 use §II's distinction concerning particular loves, transformed desires and fulfillment; §III distinguishes a defense from a positive comparative argument.
Subias, Lorraine; Katsu, Noriko; Yamada, Kazunori. “Metacognition in nonhuman primates: a review of current knowledge.” Primates 66, no. 1 (2025): 9-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-024-01169-x. Ch. 10.
Swinburne, Richard. Providence and the Problem of Evil. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998. See chapters 9--10. Ch. 26.
Swinburne, Richard. The Existence of God. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2004. See chapter 5 on the intrinsic probability of theism. Ch. 42.
Swinburne, Richard. The Probability of the Resurrection of Jesus. Author text (2013), pp. 2--7. Oxford author archive (https://users.ox.ac.uk/~orie0087/pdf_files/Papers%20from%20Philosophical%20Journals/Swinburne_2013-resurrection.pdf). Ch. 21 uses the relation between the life and its alleged divine vindication. Numerical estimates and the paper's further anthropological and incarnation premises are not adopted.
Swinburne, Richard. The Social Theory of the Trinity. Religious Studies 54 (2018): 419--437. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034412518000203. Accepted manuscript (https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1e1611a1-9bbb-4d35-8aa8-d61d6aa796ba/files/mfadfbc45c14102afc622ba840d691a9f). Ch. 3 compares distinct consciousness and necessarily coordinated action with numerical unity of divine actuality.
Synod of Jerusalem. Confession of Dositheus, 1672, decree II and question III. https://www.crivoice.org/creeddositheus.html. Ch. 24 uses the specific scriptural and ecclesial authority claims.
Talbott, Thomas. Misery and Freedom: Reply to Walls. Author version, revised June 21, 2003. https://people.willamette.edu/~ttalbott/Reply-Walls2.pdf. Ch. 40 engages pp. 4--10 on rational agency, informed refusal and the possibility of healing.
Talbott, Thomas. Providence, Freedom, and Human Destiny. Religious Studies 26 (1990): 227--245. https://people.willamette.edu/~ttalbott/DESTINY2.pdf. Ch. 40 develops the comparison concerning providential healing, rational freedom and final destiny; Ch. 39 draws on the argument about particular relationships.
Tegmark, Max. “The Mathematical Universe.” Foundations of Physics 38, no. 2 (2008): 101-150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10701-007-9186-9. Ch. 5.
Thiel, John E. On the Historicity of Jesus' Resurrection. Scottish Journal of Theology 79, no. 1 (2026): 1--17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0036930625101439. Ch. 21.
Thompson, Evan. Life and Mind: From Autopoiesis to Neurophenomenology. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 3 (2004): 381--398. Author text: https://evanthompson.me/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/pcs-life-and-mind.pdf. Ch. 10 distinguishes organismic self-maintenance, sense-making, felt experience, and report.
Todorov, Emanuel; Jordan, Michael I. “Optimal feedback control as a theory of motor coordination.” Nature Neuroscience 5, no. 11 (2002): 1226-1235. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn963. Ch. 10.
Tomasello, Michael. “The moral psychology of obligation.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 43 (2020): e56. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x19001742. Ch. 10, 14.
Tsoukalas, George; et al. Advancing Mathematics Research with AI-Driven Formal Proof Search. arXiv:2605.22763v2, submitted May 21 and revised June 8, 2026. https://arxiv.org/html/2605.22763v2. Ch. 11 reads section 2's "proof sketches" as formal theorem files containing sorry, definitions, and imports, and section 3's statement corrections as distinct from checking a proof.
United Methodist Church. “Repentance for Support of Eugenics.” Book of Resolutions, 2020/2024 edition. Resolution adopted in 2008, amended in 2016, and readopted in 2024. Institutional statement, https://www.umc.org/en/content/book-of-resolutions-repentance-for-support-of-eugenics. Ch. 33.
United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. Introductions to First Timothy, https://bible.usccb.org/bible/1timothy/0, Second Peter, https://bible.usccb.org/bible/2peter/0, and the New Testament letters, https://bible.usccb.org/bible/newtestamentletters/0. Ch. 24 uses these institutional introductions to locate modern authorship disputes within Catholic reception.
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van Eck, Ernest. Do Not Question My Honour: A Social-Scientific Reading of the Parable of the Minas (Lk 19:12b--24, 27). HTS Theological Studies 67, no. 3 (2011). Public article (https://scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S0259-94222011000300032&script=sci_arttext). Chapter 41 compares its reconstruction of an earlier parable with the received Gospel's delayed-kingdom framing.
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van Inwagen, Peter. The Possibility of Resurrection. International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 9, no. 2 (1978): 114--121. Ch. 38.
van Inwagen, Peter. The Problem of Evil. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006. See lectures 4--6. Ch. 26.
Vaughan, Diane. The Challenger Launch Decision: Risky Technology, Culture, and Deviance at NASA. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. Ch. 16 uses the account of the normalization of deviance.
Vitale, Vince R. Non-Identity Theodicy: A Grace-Based Response to the Problem of Evil. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198864226.001.0001. Ch. 26, pp. 218--224.
Vong, Wai Keen, and Brenden M. Lake. On the Robustness of Modeling Grounded Word Learning through a Child's Egocentric Input. arXiv:2507.14749v2, January 8, 2026. https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.14749. Ch. 12 uses sections 2--5 on the scope and robustness of learning from the recorded input.
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Waldron, Jeremy. Superseding Historic Injustice. Ethics 103, no. 1 (1992): 4--28. https://doi.org/10.1086/293468. Ch. 33.
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Wang, Hong; Zahl, Joshua. Volume Estimates for Unions of Convex Sets, and the Kakeya Set Conjecture in Three Dimensions. arXiv:2502.17655v1, submitted February 24, 2025. https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.17655. Ch. 5.
Wang, Le-Zhi, Ri-Qi Su, Zi-Gang Huang, Xiao Wang, Wen-Xu Wang, Celso Grebogi, and Ying-Cheng Lai. A Geometrical Approach to Control and Controllability of Nonlinear Dynamical Networks. Nature Communications 7 (2016): 11323. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11323. Chapter 40 uses the distinction between persistence under unchanged dynamics and a transition under temporary intervention, without treating controllability as personal agency or identity.
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Ware, James P. The Resurrection of Jesus in the Pre-Pauline Formula of 1 Cor 15.3--5. New Testament Studies 60, no. 4 (2014): 475--498. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0028688514000150. Ch. 21, especially pp. 480--481.
Weick, Karl E., Kathleen M. Sutcliffe, and David Obstfeld. Organizing and the Process of Sensemaking. Organization Science 16, no. 4 (2005): 409--421. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1050.0133. Ch. 16 uses the account of sensemaking as turning events into a situation an organization can act on.
Weinberg, Steven. The Cosmological Constant Problem. Reviews of Modern Physics 61, no. 1 (1989): 1--23. https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.61.1. Ch. 7.
West, Stuart A.; Fisher, Roberta M.; Gardner, Andy; et al. “Major evolutionary transitions in individuality.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 33 (2015): 10112-10119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1421402112. Ch. 8.
Wielenberg, Erik J. Robust Ethics: The Metaphysics and Epistemology of Godless Normative Realism. Oxford University Press, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198714323.001.0001. Ch. 42 uses the publisher’s preface, pp. viii--xii, to identify robust normative realism.
Wielenberg, Erik J. “In Defense of Non-Natural, Non-Theistic Moral Realism.” Faith and Philosophy 26, no. 1 (2009): 23--41. https://doi.org/10.5840/faithphil20092612. Ch. 14 engages necessary ethical facts and the proposed supervenience and nonrelational grounding of moral properties.
Williams, Logan. Melchizedek, the Son of Man, and Eschatological Jubilee: The Sin-Forgiving Messiahs in 11QMelchizedek and Mark. Journal for the Study of the New Testament 46, no.2 (2023): 111--149. https://doi.org/10.1177/0142064X231191176. Chapter 21 consults the Hebrew and translation of 11QMelchizedek II.2--9 and the proposed jubilee context of Mark's forgiveness claim.
Wood, Thomas; Porter, Ethan. “The Elusive Backfire Effect: Mass Attitudes’ Steadfast Factual Adherence.” Political Behavior 41, no. 1 (2019): 135-163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-018-9443-y. Ch. 16.
Wootters, W. K.; Zurek, W. H. “A single quantum cannot be cloned.” Nature 299, no. 5886 (1982): 802-803. https://doi.org/10.1038/299802a0. Ch. 6.
Wynn, Thomas A.; Vannella, Kevin M. “Macrophages in Tissue Repair, Regeneration, and Fibrosis.” Immunity 44, no. 3 (2016): 450-462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02.015. Ch. 8.
Xiao, Mengyuan; Oesch, Pascal A.; Elbaz, David; et al. Accelerated Formation of Ultra-Massive Galaxies in the First Billion Years. Nature 635, no. 8038 (2024): 311--315. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08094-5. Ch. 7.
Yablo, Stephen. “Go Figure: A Path through Fictionalism.” Midwest Studies in Philosophy 25, no. 1 (2001): 72-102. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-4975.00040. Ch. 5.
Yoder, John Howard. The Politics of Jesus: Vicit Agnus Noster. 2nd ed. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1994. See chapter 10 on Romans 13. Ch. 33.
Yoshida, Naoto, Henning Sprekeler, and Boris Gutkin. Linking Homeostasis to Reinforcement Learning: Internal State Control of Motivated Behavior. arXiv:2507.04998v1 (7 July 2025). https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.04998. Ch. 10 consults pp. 4--10 of this theoretical perspective preprint.
Zhou, Lijun; Kim, Seohyun Chris; Ho, Katherine H; et al. “Non-enzymatic primer extension with strand displacement.” eLife 8 (2019): e51888. https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.51888. Ch. 9.
Zias, Joseph, and Eliezer Sekeles. “The Crucified Man from Giv'at ha-Mivtar: A Reappraisal.” Israel Exploration Journal 35, no. 1 (1985): 22--27. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27925968. Ch. 21 uses pages 22--24 for a crucified man's recovered remains in a Jewish burial cave and ossuary, without inferring how often such burial was permitted.
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Zurek, Wojciech Hubert. “Quantum Darwinism.” Nature Physics 5, no. 3 (2009): 181-188. https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys1202. Ch. 6.
Chapter notes identify the particular passage, result, or document supporting an argument. This catalogue brings together editions, studies, technical records, and sources for comparison. Where access was limited to an abstract, author manuscript, or publisher summary, the relevant note states that scope.
Publication, revision, and consultation dates distinguish the evidence used. A dated report supports its specified edition; current practical decisions also require current local evidence. The thematic catalogue is followed by further sources arranged by author.
Scripture, Textual Witnesses, and Lexical Tools
Aland, Barbara, Kurt Aland, Johannes Karavidopoulos, Carlo M. Martini, and Bruce M. Metzger, eds. Novum Testamentum Graece. 28th rev.\ ed. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2012. Cited as NA28.
Bauer, Walter, Frederick W. Danker, William F. Arndt, and F. Wilbur Gingrich. A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. 3rd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. Cited as BDAG.
Brown, Francis, S. R. Driver, and Charles A. Briggs. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907. Cited as BDB; see the exact entries named in claim-local notes.
Elliger, Karl, and Wilhelm Rudolph, eds. Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. 5th corrected ed. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1997. Cited as BHS.
Holmes, Michael W., ed. The Greek New Testament: SBL Edition. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature; Bellingham, WA: Logos Bible Software, 2010. https://www.sblgnt.com/. Cited as SBLGNT.
Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Revised by Walter Baumgartner and Johann Jakob Stamm. Translated and edited under the supervision of M. E. J. Richardson. 5 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1994--2000. Cited as HALOT.
Liddell, H. G., Robert Scott, and Henry Stuart Jones. A Greek-English Lexicon. 9th ed.\ with revised supplement. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996. Cited as LSJ; see the exact entries named in claim-local notes.
Rahlfs, Alfred, and Robert Hanhart, eds. Septuaginta: Id est Vetus Testamentum graece iuxta LXX interpretes. 2nd rev.\ ed. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2006. See Wisdom of Solomon 1--3 for the ancient Jewish creation, incorruption, death, and judgment witness used in the hell synthesis, and Judith 16:17 for the reading of Isaiah's worm and fire as conscious pain without end, used in Ch. 40.
Nickelsburg, George W. E., and James C. VanderKam. 1 Enoch: The Hermeneia Translation. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2012. See 22 and 27 for differentiated conditions of the dead awaiting judgment and the accursed valley.
García Martínez, Florentino, and Eibert J. C. Tigchelaar, eds. and trans. The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition. 2 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1997--1998. See 1QS III.13--IV.26 for the Two Spirits, formation, visitation, purification, suffering, and destruction.
Stone, Michael E. Fourth Ezra: A Commentary on the Book of Fourth Ezra. Hermeneia. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1990. See 7:26--44 and 7:75--101 for death, intermediate disclosure, resurrection, judgment, recompense, and the world to come; the work survives through ancient versions rather than a complete extant Hebrew or Greek original.
Klijn, A. F. J. "2 (Syriac Apocalypse of) Baruch: A New Translation and Introduction." In The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, vol. 1, Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments, edited by James H. Charlesworth, 615--652. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1983. See 49--51 for recognizable embodied restoration followed by transformation.
Philo of Alexandria. Every Good Man Is Free. In Philo, vol. 9, translated by F. H. Colson. Loeb Classical Library 363. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1941. See 75--91 for the Essenes' reported rejection of slaveholding.
Philo of Alexandria. On the Cherubim, 125--127. Yonge translation: https://earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book5.html. Chapter 21 compares the distinct causal roles of God and Logos in this passage with the cumulative Christian creator predicates.
Philo of Alexandria. Flaccus, 83. Public translation: https://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book36.html. Ch. 21 uses the release of crucified bodies to relatives on a festival as evidence that burial could be permitted, with the occasion's exceptional character retained.
Josephus, Flavius. Jewish War IV.317 (IV.5.2). William Whiston translation: https://www.ccel.org/ccel/josephus/works/files/war-4.htm. Ch. 21 uses the stated concern to bury crucified people before sunset, with the passage's apologetic setting distinguished from a measured frequency of permission. Ch. 40 uses II.163 for the Pharisees' account of the souls of the wicked.
Porten, Bezalel, and Ada Yardeni, eds. Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt. TAD A4.7, the petition to Bagavahya, governor of Judah, concerning the destroyed temple of YHW (407 BCE), Berlin P.13495, https://elephantine.smb.museum/objects/object.php?o=100282; and TAD C3.15, donation list from Elephantine. The latter translated by Bezalel Porten, public excerpt: https://www.posenlibrary.com/entry/donors-yhw-and-other-deities-elephantine. Ch. 18 reads its allocation to YHW, Eshembethel, and Anathbethel alongside the separate temple petition.
Aḥituv, Shmuel, Esther Eshel, and Ze'ev Meshel. “The Inscriptions.” In Kuntillet Ajrud (Horvat Teman): An Iron Age II Religious Site on the Judah Sinai Border. Israel Exploration Society, 2012. Inscription 4.1.1, p. 105, public translation and editorial note: https://www.posenlibrary.com/entry/prayer-kuntillet-ajrud. Ch. 18 uses the invocation of YHWH of Teman and his asherah, retaining the disputed identification of the latter.
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage. “Peshitta,” sections on the New Testament's origin and contents. https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Peshitta. Ch. 24 and Appendix C use its twenty-two-book contents to distinguish common reception from unanimity.
Frayer-Griggs, Daniel. "Neither Proof Text nor Proverb: The Instrumental Sense of διά and the Soteriological Function of Fire in 1 Corinthians 3.15." New Testament Studies 59, no. 4 (2013): 517--534. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0028688513000167.
Institut f\"ur Neutestamentliche Textforschung. Kurzgefasste Liste der griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testaments and New Testament Virtual Manuscript Room. M\"unster: University of M\"unster. https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/. Verified May 19, 2026.
Early Christian, Patristic, and Conciliar Sources
Athanasius of Alexandria. Against the Heathen. In Contra Gentes and De Incarnatione, edited and translated by Robert W. Thomson. Oxford Early Christian Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971. See 2--11 and 40--42.
Athanasius of Alexandria. Defence of the Nicene Definition (De Decretis). Translated by John Henry Newman and Archibald Robertson. In Select Works and Letters, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, vol. 4. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. See 18--24 and 32. Public text: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2809.htm. Verified July 11, 2026.
Athanasius of Alexandria. The Life of Antony and the Letter to Marcellinus. Translated with introduction by Robert C. Gregg. Classics of Western Spirituality. New York: Paulist Press, 1980. See Life of Antony 22--43 and Letter to Marcellinus 12 and 27--29.
Athanasius of Alexandria. De Incarnatione (On the Incarnation). In Contra Gentes and De Incarnatione, edited and translated by Robert W. Thomson. Oxford Early Christian Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971. See 3--10, 20--30, 41--45, and 54. Public text, translated by Archibald Robertson in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, vol. 4 (1892): https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2802.htm. Verified July 11, 2026; 43.2--4 consulted October 12, 2026.
Athanasius of Alexandria. Festal Letter 39. See 5--7 for the New Testament canon and the distinction from other recommended reading. Public text: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2806039.htm. Consulted September 5, 2026.
Athenagoras of Athens. Legatio and De Resurrectione. Edited and translated by William R. Schoedel. Oxford Early Christian Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972. See the secure Plea for the Christians 31 and 36. See also On the Resurrection of the Dead 12--25, cited in this manuscript as Pseudo-Athenagoras because authorship of the resurrection treatise remains disputed.
Grant, Robert M. "Athenagoras or Pseudo-Athenagoras." Harvard Theological Review 47, no. 2 (1954): 121--129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0017816000027528. Used to mark, not silently resolve, the disputed authorship of De Resurrectione.
Arnobius of Sicca. The Case Against the Pagans. Translated by George E. McCracken. Ancient Christian Writers 7--8. Westminster, MD: Newman Press, 1949. See II.14 for long conscious punishment culminating in "real death." Public text: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/06312.htm. Verified July 11, 2026.
Augustine of Hippo. Against Faustus. Translated by Richard Stothert. In St. Augustin: The Writings against the Manichaeans and against the Donatists. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, vol. 4. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. See XXII.74--79.
Augustine of Hippo. Confessions. Translated by Henry Chadwick. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991. See I.1.1; X.6.8; X.8.12--25.36; and X.27.38.
Augustine of Hippo. Expositions on the Book of Psalms. Abridged from the Oxford translation and edited by A. Cleveland Coxe. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, vol. 8. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. See 94.2 and 140.2--4.
Augustine of Hippo. The Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love. Translated by J. F. Shaw. In Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, vol. 3, edited by Philip Schaff. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1887; reprint, Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. See 68--69 for the Christ-foundation boundary on salvation through fire, and 105--107 for fulfilled freedom and divine aid. Public text: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1302.htm. Sections 105--107 consulted September 8, 2026.
Augustine of Hippo. On Baptism, Against the Donatists, II.3.4--4.5. Translated by J. R. King and revised by Chester D. Hartranft. In Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, vol. 4, edited by Philip Schaff. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1887. Public text revised for New Advent: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/14082.htm. Ch. 24 examines canonical truthfulness, whole-Church authority, and correction of later judgments.
Augustine of Hippo. On Grace and Free Choice. In Augustine: On the Free Choice of the Will, On Grace and Free Choice, and Other Writings, edited and translated by Peter King. Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. See 2--4 and 29--33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511844720.010. Public text as On Grace and Free Will, translated by Peter Holmes and Robert Ernest Wallis, revised by Benjamin B. Warfield, in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, vol. 5 (1887): https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1510.htm. Consulted October 12, 2026.
Augustine of Hippo. On the Trinity. Translated by Edmund Hill. The Works of Saint Augustine I/5. Brooklyn, NY: New City Press, 1991. See I.4.7, II.5.7, and IV.20.27.
Augustine of Hippo. On Rebuke and Grace, 31--34. Public translation: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1513.htm. Ch. 40 engages effective grace, perseverance, and the fate of those outside the predestined company.
Augustine of Hippo. The Nature of the Good. In The Manichean Debate, translated, introduced, and annotated by Roland Teske; edited by Boniface Ramsey. The Works of Saint Augustine I/19. Hyde Park, NY: New City Press, 2006. ISBN 978-1-56548-247-0. See 1--4. Public text: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1407.htm. Verified July 11, 2026.
Augustine of Hippo. The City of God against the Pagans. Edited and translated by R. W. Dyson. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. See XII.6--9; XV.22; XXI.9, 17, 23, and 26; and XXII.19--20 and 30. The public text consulted for the latter restoration passages is Marcus Dods's translation in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, vol. 2, edited by Philip Schaff (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1887), as revised for New Advent: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/120122.htm. Consulted September 7--8, 2026.
Augustine of Hippo. The City of God, XI.17--18. Public translation by Marcus Dods, revised for New Advent: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/120111.htm. Ch. 26 engages the beauty of the whole order and distinguishes that good from the restoration of a particular sufferer.
Augustine of Hippo. Sermon 21 on the New Testament (Sermon 71 in standard numbering), 20--21. Translated by R. G. MacMullen. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, vol. 6, edited by Philip Schaff. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1888. Public text revised for New Advent: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/160321.htm. Consulted September 8, 2026. Chapter 40 also uses sections 34--37, especially 35, on repentance after the actual accusation; consulted October 20, 2026.
Augustine of Hippo. Sermon 23 on the New Testament (Sermon 73 in standard numbering), 2--4. Translated by R. G. MacMullen. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, vol. 6, edited by Philip Schaff. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1888. Public text revised for New Advent: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/160323.htm. Consulted October 16, 2026.
Augustine of Hippo. Teaching Christianity (De doctrina christiana). Translated by Edmund Hill. The Works of Saint Augustine I/11. Hyde Park, NY: New City Press, 1996. See I.22--27.
Augustine of Hippo. Tractates on the Gospel of John. Translated by John Gibb. In St. Augustin: Homilies on the Gospel of John; Homilies on the First Epistle of John; Soliloquies. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, vol. 7. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. See tractate 80.3.
Basil of Caesarea. On the Holy Spirit. In Letters and Select Works, translated by Blomfield Jackson. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, vol. 8. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. See 15--18. See also 27.65--67.
Basil of Caesarea. Hexaemeron. In Letters and Select Works, translated by Blomfield Jackson. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, vol. 8. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. See VIII.2--7 and IX.2--5.
Clement of Alexandria. Christ the Educator (Paedagogus). Translated by Simon P. Wood. Fathers of the Church 23. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1954; reprinted 2008. See I.1--3, I.8--10, and the claim-local loci in II--III. Public text: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0209.htm. Verified July 11, 2026.
Clement of Alexandria. The Stromata. Translated by William Wilson. In The Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 2, edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1885; reprint, Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. See I.27, V.4, VI.6, and VII.16 for punishment as correction, Christ and faith as foundation, combustible additions, postmortem preaching, repentance under judgment, and the salvation of the universe. Chapter 41 also uses VI.13 on formed character and judging thrones, and VII.11--12 on love's mature motive, while distinguishing VI.14's grief and VII.10's final contemplation. Public text: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0210.htm. Judgment loci verified July 11, 2026; formation and vocation loci verified October 15, 2026.
Council of Nicaea I. Creed of Nicaea (AD 325), and Council of Constantinople I. Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed (AD 381). In Norman P. Tanner, ed., Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils. 2 vols. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1990.
Council of Chalcedon. Definition of Faith (AD 451). In Norman P. Tanner, ed., Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils. 2 vols. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1990. Public Greek and English text: https://earlychurchtexts.com/public/chalcedonian_definition.htm. Verified May 19, 2026.
Cyril of Alexandria. Commentary on John. Book XI, translated by T. Randell. Vol. 2, Library of the Fathers 48, 1885. See the exposition of John 17:20--21, pp. 550--552. Public text: https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/cyril_on_john_11_book11.htm. Consulted September 6--7, 2026.
Cyril of Jerusalem. Lectures on the Christian Sacraments: The Procatechesis and the Five Mystagogical Catecheses. Greek text and English translation by Maxwell E. Johnson. Popular Patristics Series 57. Yonkers, NY: St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 2017.
Cyprian of Carthage. On the Unity of the Catholic Church. In Saint Cyprian: Treatises, translated by Roy J. Deferrari. Fathers of the Church 36. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1958. See 4--5.
Gregory of Nazianzus. On God and Christ: The Five Theological Orations and Two Letters to Cledonius. Translated by Frederick Williams and Lionel Wickham. Popular Patristics Series 23. Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 2002. See Theological Orations 29.2--3 and 31.14--16, 25--29; Letter 101 to Cledonius for complete human assumption and healing. Public text of Letter 101: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3103a.htm. Consulted September 5, 2026.
Gregory of Nazianzus. Festal Orations. Translated with introduction and commentary by Nonna Verna Harrison. Popular Patristics Series 36. Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 2008. See Oration 39.19 for the final baptism of fire consuming the stubble of evil.
Gregory of Nyssa. Dogmatic Treatises, Etc., translated by William Moore and Henry Austin Wilson. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, vol. 5. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. See To Ablabius: That There Are Not Three Gods, pp. 331--336, for one divine operation; On the Making of Man 8, 16, and 27--30 for embodied humanity; and The Great Catechism 5--8, 26, 35, and 40 for creation, evil, judgment, purification, restoration, and the distinction between preserved human nature and changed conduct; see also On the Soul and the Resurrection for the gold-and-alloy account of evil's removal and the closing discussion of bodily ages. The same translated collection contains On Infants' Early Deaths; its nourishment and capacity argument was consulted in the public transcription: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2912.htm, based on the 1893 edition, revised for New Advent. Consulted September 7--8, 2026.
Gregory of Nyssa. In illud: Tunc et ipse filius. PG 44, 1304--1325. Translated by Casimir McCambley as a treatise on First Corinthians 15:28, Greek Orthodox Theological Review 28 (1983): 1--25. Public reproduction of the translation: https://afkimel.wordpress.com/2019/10/04/in-illud-tunc-et-ipse-filius/. Chapter 40 uses the distinction between reconciled personal enemies and abolished death. The public translation was read for this argument on October 19, 2026; the Greek critical text was not independently collated.
Gregory of Nyssa. The Life of Moses. Translated by Abraham J. Malherbe and Everett Ferguson. Classics of Western Spirituality. New York: Paulist Press, 1978. See II.91--100.
Gregory of Nyssa. Homilies on Ecclesiastes: An English Version with Supporting Studies. Homilies translated by Stuart George Hall and Rachel Moriarty; edited by Stuart George Hall. Proceedings of the Seventh International Colloquium on Gregory of Nyssa. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1993. See Homily IV for Gregory's attack on slave ownership.
Holmes, Michael W., ed.\ and trans.\ The Apostolic Fathers: Greek Texts and English Translations. 3rd ed. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2007. See Didache 1--16; Epistle of Barnabas 20--21; 1 Clement 3, 13--21, 40--44, and 51--59; Ignatius, Ephesians 7, 16--18, and 20, Magnesians 6--7, and Smyrnaeans 1--3 and 7--8; and Polycarp, Philippians 1--12, with Martyrdom of Polycarp 2 and 11; see also 2 Clement 17.7.
Irenaeus of Lyons. Against Heresies. Translated by Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut. In The Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 1, edited by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson; revised and chronologically arranged by A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1885; reprint, Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. Load-bearing loci include I.9.4 and I.10.1--3; II.30.9 and II.34.2--4; III.3.1--4, III.18, III.23, and III.24.1; IV.18.5, IV.20, IV.37--38; V.1, V.2.2--3, V.6.1, V.21, V.27, and V.31--36. Public text collection: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103.htm. Verified July 11, 2026.
Irenaeus of Lyons. On the Apostolic Preaching. Translated by John Behr. Popular Patristics Series 17. Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1997. See 3--8 and 31--42.
John Cassian. The Conferences. Translated by Boniface Ramsey. Ancient Christian Writers 57. New York: Paulist Press, 1997. See Conference 2.1--4, 9--10, and 16.
John Chrysostom. Homilies on the Epistles of Paul to the Corinthians. Translated by Talbot W. Chambers. In Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, vol. 12. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. See Homily 9 on First Corinthians for the reading of 1 Corinthians 3:15 as preservation in punitive fire. Public text: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/220109.htm. Verified July 11, 2026.
John Chrysostom. Homilies on Hebrews. Translated by Frederic Gardiner. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, vol. 14, edited by Philip Schaff. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1889. Homily 4.6 distinguishes submission under fear of death, captivity to death, and continual fear: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/240204.htm, consulted October 15, 2026. Homily 20.1--4: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/240220.htm, consulted September 8, 2026. Public texts revised for New Advent.
John Chrysostom. Homilies on the Gospel of Saint Matthew. Translated by George Prevost, revised by M. B. Riddle. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, vol. 10, edited by Philip Schaff. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1888. Homily 46.1 on the wheat and the weeds: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/200146.htm, consulted October 16, 2026. Public text revised for New Advent. Homily 41.5 discusses forgiveness after the accusation: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/200141.htm, consulted October 20, 2026.
John Chrysostom. Homilies on Philemon. In Saint Chrysostom: Homilies on Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, Thessalonians, Timothy, Titus, and Philemon, translated by Gross Alexander. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, vol. 13. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. See homilies 1--3.
John of Damascus. An Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith. In Writings, translated by Frederic H. Chase Jr. Fathers of the Church 37. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1958. See I.8 and III.6; III.23 treats Christ's natural and innocent fear. A separate public translation from Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, vol. 9 (1899), supplies the Book III text consulted here: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/33043.htm. Consulted September 5 and October 15, 2026.
Justin Martyr. Justin, Philosopher and Martyr: Apologies. Edited and translated by Denis Minns and Paul Parvis. Oxford Early Christian Texts. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. See First Apology 8, 17, 52, 61, and 65--67 for embodied resurrection, continuing sensibility, everlasting punishment, differentiated accountability, judgment, baptism, Eucharist, and worship; see also 46; and Second Apology 6, 8, 10, and 13. Public texts: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0126.htm and https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0127.htm. Verified July 11, 2026.
Melito of Sardis. On Pascha and Fragments. Introduction and translation by Stuart George Hall. Oxford Early Christian Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979. See On Pascha 46--71 and 100--105, with the Pascha/suffering wordplay at 46. Public translation: https://ccjr.us/dialogika-resources/primary-texts-from-the-history-of-the-relationship/melito-of-sardis.
Maximus the Confessor. On Difficulties in the Church Fathers: The Ambigua. Translated by Nicholas Constas. 2 vols. Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library 28--29. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014. See Ambiguum 7.
Origen. Homilies on Joshua. Translated by Barbara J. Bruce; edited by Cynthia White. Fathers of the Church 105. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2002. See 1.1--3 and 15.1--3.
Origen. Contra Celsum. Translated by Henry Chadwick. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953. See II.51--52 for sign and magic; IV.13 for the consumption of wicked works and refinement of rational nature; and VIII.72 for the Logos's victory and healing of rational creatures.
Origen. On First Principles. Edited and translated by John Behr. 2 vols. Oxford Early Christian Texts. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. See I.6.1--3, II.10.1--8, and III.6.
Pseudo-Dionysius. Pseudo-Dionysius: The Complete Works. Translated by Colm Luibheid. Classics of Western Spirituality. New York: Paulist Press, 1987. See Divine Names IV.7 and Mystical Theology I.1--3.
Second Council of Constantinople. The Anathemas against Origen (AD 553), with The Anathemas of the Emperor Justinian against Origen (AD 543). In The Seven Ecumenical Councils of the Undivided Church, translated by Henry R. Percival. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, vol. 14. Public text: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3812.htm. Consulted October 19, 2026. Ch. 40 distinguishes the ninth anathema of 543, on temporary punishment, from the fifteen anathemas of 553 against the preexistence system, and notes the disputed conciliar standing of the latter.
Tatian. Address to the Greeks. In The Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 2, edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1885; reprint, Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. See 13 for non-autonomous immortality, bodily resurrection, and "death by punishment in immortality." Public text: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0202.htm. Verified July 11, 2026.
Tertullian. De carne Christi liber: Tertullian's Treatise on the Incarnation. Text edited with introduction, translation, and commentary by Ernest Evans. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1956. See On the Flesh of Christ 5 and 20--25. Public text: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0315.htm. Verified July 11, 2026.
Tertullian. Apology. With an English translation by T. R. Glover. In Tertullian: Apology and De Spectaculis; Minucius Felix: Octavius. Loeb Classical Library 250. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, 1931. See 23 for the public early Christian claim that hostile powers were subject to Christ's name, and 18 and 48 for resurrection and judgment. Public text: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0301.htm. Verified July 11, 2026.
Tertullian. The Prescription Against Heretics. Translated by Peter Holmes. In The Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 3, edited by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson; revised and chronologically arranged by A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1885; reprint, Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. See 13. Public text: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0311.htm. Verified July 11, 2026.
Theophilus of Antioch. Ad Autolycum (To Autolycus). Edited and translated by Robert M. Grant. Oxford Early Christian Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970. See II.15, II.22, and II.24--27. Public Book II text: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02042.htm. Verified July 11, 2026.
Third Council of Constantinople. Definition of Faith (AD 680--681). In The Seven Ecumenical Councils of the Undivided Church, translated by Henry R. Percival. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, vol. 14. Public text: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3813.htm. Verified May 19, 2026; Definition, Session XVIII, consulted again September 8, 2026.
Vincent of L\'erins. Commonitories. Translated by Rudolph E. Morris. In Niceta of Remesiana: Writings; Sulpicius Severus: Writings; Vincent of Lerins: Commonitories; Prosper of Aquitaine: Grace and Free Will. Fathers of the Church 7. New York: Fathers of the Church, 1949. See Commonitory 2.5--6 and 23.50--59.
Biblical and Theological Scholarship
Adams, Edward. The Coming of the Son of Man in Mark's Gospel. Tyndale Bulletin 56, no.2 (2005): 39--61. https://doi.org/10.53751/001c.29184. Chapter 21 uses the argument for a cosmic parousia and the distinction in 59 n.89 between its approach and its occurrence. The relevant discussions on 54--61 and the opening account of the alternatives were read in the publisher's public article on October 19, 2026.
Hollon, Elton L. Unsound and Informally Fallacious Preterist Arguments for Mark 13:24--27. The Heythrop Journal 64, no.6 (2023): 796--811. https://doi.org/10.1111/heyj.14260. Chapter 21 uses section III's interwoven reading and its alternatives. The argument sections and conclusion were checked in the publisher's open-access text on October 19, 2026.
Adams, Marilyn McCord. Horrendous Evils and the Goodness of God. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999; paperback edition, 2000.
Adams, Marilyn McCord. Horrendous Evils and the Goodness of God. Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume 63, no. 1 (1989): 297--310. Response by Stewart Sutherland, 311--323. https://doi.org/10.1093/aristoteliansupp/63.1.297.
Adams, Marilyn McCord. Ignorance, Instrumentality, Compensation, and the Problem of Evil. Sophia 52 (2013): 7--26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11841-012-0346-9. Public author text, https://andrewmbailey.com/mma/pdfs/IgnoranceInstrumentalityCompensation.pdf, especially 16--25. Ch. 26 develops the distinction between a motivating goal and the good making a shared undertaking fitting for its participants, while retaining a recipient-directed moral requirement that differs from Adams' account of divine obligation.
Baker, Lynne Rudder. Persons and the Metaphysics of Resurrection. Religious Studies 43, no. 3 (2007): 333--348. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034412507008931.
Bauckham, Richard. The Theology of the Book of Revelation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511819858.
Brownson, James V. Bible, Gender, Sexuality: Reframing the Church's Debate on Same-Sex Relationships. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2013. Publisher record: https://www.eerdmans.com/9780802868633/bible-gender-sexuality/. Verified July 19, 2026.
Brueggemann, Walter. The Message of the Psalms: A Theological Commentary. Augsburg Old Testament Studies. Minneapolis, MN: Augsburg Publishing House, 1984.
Clines, David J. A. "The Image of God in Man." Tyndale Bulletin 19, no. 1 (1968): 53--103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53751/001c.30671.
Collins, John J. The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature. 3rd ed. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2016.
Efird, David, and David Worsley. Divine Action and Operative Grace. The Heythrop Journal 58, no. 5 (2017): 771--779. https://doi.org/10.1111/heyj.12610.
Friesen, Steven J. Imperial Cults and the Apocalypse of John: Reading Revelation in the Ruins. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Gagnon, Robert A. J. The Bible and Homosexual Practice: Texts and Hermeneutics. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press, 2001. Publisher record: https://www.abingdonpress.com/product/9780687022793/. Verified July 19, 2026.
Gorman, Michael J. Cruciformity: Paul's Narrative Spirituality of the Cross. 20th anniversary ed. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2021; original edition, 2001.
Hick, John. An Interpretation of Religion: Human Responses to the Transcendent. 2nd ed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005.
Koester, Craig R. Revelation: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. Anchor Yale Bible 38A. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014.
Kraybill, J. Nelson. Imperial Cult and Commerce in John's Apocalypse. Journal for the Study of the New Testament Supplement Series 132. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1996.
Linzey, Andrew. Animal Theology. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995; first published by SCM Press, 1994.
Loader, William. The New Testament on Sexuality. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2012. Publisher record: https://www.eerdmans.com/9780802867247/the-new-testament-on-sexuality/. Verified July 19, 2026.
Loader, William. Same-Sex Relationships: A 1st-Century Perspective. HTS Theological Studies 70, no. 1 (2014): article 2114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v70i1.2114. Revised author text: https://billloader.com/LoaderSameSex.pdf.
Martin, Dale B. Arsenokoitês and Malakos: Meanings and Consequences. In Biblical Ethics and Homosexuality: Listening to Scripture, edited by Robert L. Brawley, 117--136. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox, 1996.
Milgrom, Jacob. Leviticus 1--16: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. Anchor Bible 3. New York: Doubleday, 1991.
Middleton, J. Richard. "The Liberating Image? Interpreting the Imago Dei in Context." Christian Scholar's Review 24, no. 1 (1994): 8--25.
Moltmann, J\"urgen. Theology of Hope: On the Ground and the Implications of a Christian Eschatology. Translated by James W. Leitch. New York: Harper & Row, 1967.
Southgate, Christopher. The Groaning of Creation: God, Evolution, and the Problem of Evil. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2008.
Stump, Eleonore. Wandering in Darkness: Narrative and the Problem of Suffering. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199277421.001.0001.
Wright, Christopher J. H. Old Testament Ethics for the People of God. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004.
Wright, N. T. Jesus and the Victory of God. Christian Origins and the Question of God 2. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 1996.
Wright, N. T. The Resurrection of the Son of God. Christian Origins and the Question of God 3. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2003.
Wright, N. T. Jesus' Resurrection and Christian Origins. Gregorianum 83, no. 4 (2002): 615--635. Reproduced with the author's permission: https://ntwrightpage.com/2016/07/12/jesus-resurrection-and-christian-origins/.
Method, Philosophy, Historical Argument, and Rival Accounts
Adams, Robert Merrihew. Divine Commands and the Social Nature of Obligation. Faith and Philosophy 4, no. 3 (1987): 262--275. Public text: https://andrewmbailey.com/rma/1987d-Adams-SocialNatureObligation.pdf.
Allison, Dale C., Jr. Resurrecting Jesus: The Earliest Christian Tradition and Its Interpreters. New York: T&T Clark International, 2005. See 331--333 and 338--344. Public excerpt: https://www.vincentsapone.com/writings/allisonemptytomb.pdf.
Aristotle. De Anima (On the Soul). Translated by J. A. Smith. In The Works of Aristotle. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1931.
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Public History and Textual Transmission
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Physics, Cosmology, Mathematics, Information, and Biology
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Artificial Intelligence, Models, and Technical Governance
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OpenAI. "GPT-4 Technical Report." arXiv:2303.08774. Submitted March 15, 2023; version 6 revised March 4, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2303.08774. https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.08774. Verified July 11, 2026.
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Public Data, Health, Labor, and Digital Governance
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Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Edited by Eduardo S. Brondizio, Josef Settele, Sandra D\'iaz, and Hien T. Ngo. Bonn: IPBES, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3831673.
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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Using Population Descriptors in Genetics and Genomics Research: A New Framework for an Evolving Field. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/26902.
National Institute of Standards and Technology. The NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0. NIST CSWP 29. Gaithersburg, MD: NIST, February 26, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.CSWP.29. Verified July 11, 2026.
OECD. How's Life? 2024: Well-being and Resilience in Times of Crisis. Paris: OECD Publishing, November 5, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/90ba854a-en. Verified July 11, 2026.
OECD. OECD Survey on Drivers of Trust in Public Institutions: 2024 Results: Building Trust in a Complex Policy Environment. Paris: OECD Publishing, July 10, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/9a20554b-en. Verified July 11, 2026.
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